The incidence of esophageal cancer in China is high, and the number of deaths from esophageal cancer accounts for 46.6% of deaths from esophageal cancer in the world each year (WHO 1999). The Taihang Mountains and the Zhanghe River Basin, which are at the junction of Henan, Hebei and Shanxi provinces, are the high incidence areas of esophageal cancer, and the population directly threatened by esophageal cancer in this area is as high as 90 million. It is difficult to determine the cause of tumor and the mortality rate of esophageal cancer has been high. Therefore, it is very important to explore the methods of early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment of esophageal cancer and precancerous lesions. With the deepening of the understanding of early diagnosis and treatment and the advancement of diagnostic techniques, especially the wide application of endoscopy and iodine staining methods, a large number of esophageal precancerous lesions and early cancers have been clinically diagnosed and caused the development and innovation of treatment methods. It plays a good diagnostic and therapeutic significance for patients with early and progressive esophageal cancer.