AFP normal reference value: serum <25ug/L. Clinical significance: 1. AFP is significantly elevated in the serum of patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma, with about 71% of patients having AFP >500ug/L. 2. AFP is elevated to varying degrees in patients with viral hepatitis and cirrhosis, but its level is often <500ug/L. 3. AFP is elevated in the serum of patients with embryonal tumors of the gonads. can be seen to be elevated. 4.After 3 months of pregnancy, serum AFP starts to rise and reaches a peak at 7-8 months, usually below 400ug/L, and returns to normal 3 weeks after delivery. If AFP is abnormally elevated in the serum of pregnant women, the possibility of fetal neural tube defect malformation should be considered. The normal reference value of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA): serum <5ug/L. Clinical significance: 1. Elevated serum CEA is mainly seen in colon cancer, rectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, etc. Other malignant tumors also have different degrees of positive rate. 2.CEA is detected by continuous follow-up. Generally, the serum CEA concentration decreases when the disease improves and increases when the disease deteriorates. 3, intestinal diverticulitis, rectal polyps, colitis, cirrhosis, hepatitis and lung disease have different degrees of elevation, but the percentage of positivity is low. 4. 98% of non-smoking healthy people have serum <5ug/L. About 39% of smokers have CEA >5ug/L. Normal reference value of prostate-specific antigen (PSA): <40ug/L. Clinical significance: 1. After prostate cancer surgery, PSA concentration can gradually decrease to normal. If PSA concentration does not decrease after surgery or increases again after decrease, tumor metastasis or recurrence should be considered. 2.Serum PSA level can also be elevated in prostate hypertrophy, prostatitis, kidney and genitourinary system diseases, but it must be combined with other examinations for differentiation. 3. In about 5% of prostate cancer patients, prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) is elevated, but PSA is at normal level. The normal reference value of glycoconjugate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9): serum <37 U/ml. clinical significance: 1. In pancreatic cancer, gallbladder cancer and bile duct pot belly cancer, the serum CA19-9 level is significantly increased, especially in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, the serum CA19 Serum CA19-9 concentration can reach 400,000 U/ml, with a positive rate of 7.9%. 2. 3. CA19-9 is also increased to varying degrees in acute pancreatitis, cholecystitis, cholestatic cholangitis, cirrhosis, hepatitis, etc. Glycoconjugate antigen 50 (CA50): Normal reference value: serum <24 U/ml Clinical significance: 1. Elevated serum CA50 in pancreatic, colon, rectal and gastric cancers, especially in patients with pancreatic cancer. 2. Elevated CA50 can be seen in liver cancer, lung cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, kidney cancer, breast cancer, etc. 3, ulcerative colitis, liver cirrhosis, melanoma, lymphoma, autoimmune diseases, etc. also have CA50 elevation. The normal reference value of cancer antigen 125 (CA125): serum <35 U/ml. clinical significance: 1. serum CA125 level is significantly increased in ovarian cancer patients, but it decreases quickly in those with effective surgery and chemotherapy. In case of recurrence, CA125 may be elevated before clinical symptoms. 2.Other non-ovarian malignant tumors also have a certain positive rate, such as breast cancer 40%, pancreatic cancer 50%, gastric cancer 47%, lung cancer 44%, colorectal cancer 32%, and other gynecological tumors 43%. 3.Non-malignant tumors, such as endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, ovarian cysts, pancreatitis, hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, etc. have different degrees of elevation, but the positivity rate is low. 4. Elevated CA125 is found in the thoracoabdominal fluid, and higher concentrations of CA125 can also be detected in amniotic fluid. 5 Elevated CA125 is also found in the first 3 months of early pregnancy. Cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) normal reference value: serum <28 U/ml. clinical significance: 1. Patients with breast cancer often have elevated CA15-3, but the sensitivity is low in the early stage of breast cancer. other malignant tumors, such as lung cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer cervical cancer, primary liver cancer, etc., also have different degrees of positive rate. 2, non-malignant neoplastic diseases such as liver, gastrointestinal tract, lung, breast and ovary, the positive rate is generally less than 10%. Normal reference value of squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC): serum <5ug/L. Clinical significance: 1, cervical cancer, lung cancer, head and neck cancer, SCC in serum is elevated, and its concentration increases with the aggravation of disease stage. 2, Hepatitis, cirrhosis, pneumonia, renal failure, tuberculosis and other diseases, SCC also has a certain degree of elevation. Normal reference value of tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA): serum <55 U/L. Clinical significance: 1. Elevated serum TPA is mainly seen in bladder cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer and gastrointestinal malignant tumors. Especially, it is highly sensitive for the diagnosis of metastatic cell carcinoma of bladder. Since the level of TPA is related to the proliferation and differentiation of tumor cells, if the level of TPA drops to normal, it indicates that the tumor treatment is effective. 2.Elevated TPA in serum can also be seen in acute hepatitis, pancreatitis, pneumonia and gastrointestinal diseases. 3. Elevated TPA can be seen in the last trimester of pregnancy. Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) normal reference value: serum <15ug/L. Clinical significance: 1. Can be used to identify, diagnose, and monitor the therapeutic effect of small cell lung cancer after radiotherapy. The NSE concentration gradually decreases to normal level when the treatment is effective, and increases when the NSE is relapsed. 2.It can be used to monitor the change of neuroblastoma, evaluate the efficacy and forecast the relapse. 3. Serum NSE may also be increased in neuroendocrine cell tumors, such as pheochromocytoma, islet cell tumor, medullary thyroid carcinoma, melanoma, and retinoblastoma. Normal reference value of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG): serum male <5mIU/ml, non-pregnant women <7mIU/ml, pregnant women 530-180000mIU/ml in 6-8 weeks of pregnancy; 10000-320000mIU/ml in 9-12 weeks of pregnancy -Clinical significance: 1. It is a good indicator for diagnosing early pregnancy, monitoring pre-eclampsia and ectopic pregnancy. 2. 2.In the case of early chorionic epithelial cell carcinoma and chylothorax, hCG in blood is significantly higher than the level of early pregnancy. After chemotherapy or curettage treatment, if hCG decreases not obviously, it indicates poor treatment effect. After treatment, hCG decreases and later seen to increase again, suggesting recurrence. 3. Elevated hCG is seen in teratoma, testicular non-seminomatous cell tumor, and embryonal tumor. The normal reference value of β2 microglobulin (β2M): serum <24mg/L, urine <160ug/L. Clinical significance: 1. Malignant tumors such as liver cancer, lung cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, etc., have significantly elevated serum β2M, and urinary β2M can also be increased. It can be used as a monitoring indicator for the development of malignant tumors. 2, renal diseases such as acute and chronic pyelonephritis, renal tubular inflammation, congenital tubular acidosis, tubular drug damage, tubular heavy metal toxic damage, etc., urinary β2M is elevated. 3, urinary β2M is elevated in renal transplant rejection. 4, immune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, dry syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, etc., β2M in the serum is elevated. In summary, although various markers have their own clinical significance, a comprehensive analysis is needed to reach a correct diagnosis. In general, CEA, NSE, TPA, SCC are checked for lung cancer; CEA, AFP for liver cancer; CEA, CA15-3, TPA for breast cancer; CEA, CA19-9 for gastric cancer; PSA, PAP (prostate acid phosphatase) for prostate cancer; CEA, CA19-9, CA50 for colorectal cancer; CEA, CA19-9, CA50 for pancreatic cancer. -9, CA50; CEA, CA19-9, CA50 for pancreatic cancer; CA125 for ovarian cancer; AFP, Hcg for testicular tumor; SCC for cervical cancer; TPA for bladder cancer; β2M for myeloma. Because there are many reasons for the increase of markers, which are not necessarily tumors, patients should never be diagnosed without Patients should not suspect that they have cancer when they see a mild increase of a certain index without pathological cytological diagnosis, which will cause unnecessary psychological burden.