Overview Hematuria is an abnormal increase in the excretion of red blood cells in the urine and is a sign of possible serious disease of the urinary system. Hematuria is defined as an abnormal increase in red blood cells in the urine when there are more than one red blood cell in the urine or non-centrifuged urine or when the hourly urine red blood cell count exceeds 10,000, or when the hourly urine sediment count exceeds 10,000. In mild cases, the increase in red blood cells is found only microscopically, which is called microscopic hematuria; in severe cases, the appearance is washed water-like or contains blood clots, which is called smear hematuria. It is usually visible to the naked eye when there is blood in each liter of urine, and the urine is red or has a washed-out appearance. The amount of blood in the urine that exceeds the normal amount is called hematuria. If there are milliliters of smoke in milliliters of urine, and the urine looks blood-like or meat-wash-like to the naked eye, this is called sarcoid hematuria. During routine urine examination, if there are more than one red blood cell in a high-powered field of view under the microscope, or if the hourly urine Addy count of red blood cells exceeds 10,000, and the naked eye cannot detect it, this is called microscopic hematuria. After finding red urine, parents should not panic. First of all, it is necessary to distinguish between renal hematuria or surgical hematuria. The following causes need to be considered: 1. Glomerulonephritis, called nephritis, whether acute nephritis or chronic nephritis is characterized by clinical features: edema, hypertension, proteinuria, hematuria, and tubular urine. The hematuria is mostly microscopic hematuria microscopic examination of deformed red blood cells accounted for more than 0.80, the granular camp type and red blood cell tube type at the same time, the diagnosis of nephritis has a certain specificity. 1gA nephropathy is characterized by immunoglobulin IgA, IgG, IgM, complement C3 deposition in the glomerular thylakoid area, some patients have elevated IgA in the blood circulation and even elevated IgGIgM, thin basement membrane nephropathy often have Family history, persistent microscopic hematuria, mild proteinuria, but renal function can be normal for a long time, prognosis can be, renal pathology is diffuse glomerular basement membrane book, it is different from hereditary nephritis (also known as Alport syndrome) is no eye and ear damage, progressive renal function damage, high frequency neurogenic deafness, eye congenital cataract nystagmus strabismus, etc., early can only have microscopic hematuria, renal function is normal. 2, urinary tract infection pyelonephritis pyelonephritis called upper urinary tract infection; cystitis urethritis called lower urinary tract infection can not be accurately located when generalized urinary tract infection or urinary tract infection infection caused by hematuria is generally microscopic hematuria only bladder triangle inflammation about 1/3 of cases appear carnal hematuria clinical manifestations of urinary tract infection is the symptoms of infection poisoning local symptoms are bladder irritation symptoms urine routine examination with a large number of pus cells or A large number of leukocytes pus cell tubular and leukocyte tubular have a certain specificity urine culture can find the causative bacteria antibiotic treatment is generally not easily confused with nephritis. 3, renal tuberculosis late stage are involved in the entire urinary system are generally present microscopic or carnal hematuria typical cases wash water-like urine long duration of the disease bladder irritation symptoms more obvious than the general bacterial infection outside the kidney often find tuberculosis foci general antibiotic treatment is ineffective B ultrasound CTIVP pyelography examination help more typical imaging manifestations of one side of the kidney tuberculosis contralateral hydronephrosis can be found in the urine antacid bacilli can confirm the diagnosis is worth noting that The possibility of renal tuberculosis should be thought of in long-standing pus urine, and further bacteriological examination should be performed to confirm the bacteriological method to find acid-fast bacilli with a 70% positivity rate. 4, stones urinary system is prone to stone disease when the stone activity cut through the mucosa appear microscopic or naked eye hematuria at the same time accompanied by colic is its characteristic colic from the kidney area along the lateral abdomen to the bladder inner thigh radiation imaging can be found stone site size shape obstruction site stones easily combined with infection is one of the common causes of complicated pyelonephritis must be removed stone anti-infection treatment to be effective. Tumors are a common cause of visual or microscopic hematuria. Kidney cancer is characterized by a high incidence of painless total hematuria in men. The possibility of bladder cancer ultrasound CT cystoscopy can confirm the diagnosis early and take the appropriate treatment in time. 6. connective tissue disease is a group of autoimmune disorders the most common is systemic lupus erythematosus is generally microscopic hematuria in addition to kidney damage heart liver brain nerve damage is also common facial butterfly erythema hand and foot rash in exposed areas arthritis alopecia oral ulcers laboratory tests are very important to confirm the diagnosis such as lupus cells found in the blood anti-nuclear antibodies positive anti-double stranded DNA test has a certain specificity autoimmune in the blood. Antibody tests such as: anti-SM anti-U1RNP anti-SS-A bla anti-SS-B ugly anti-Sc1-70 anti-Jo-1 anti-RID can be positive. Summary: Hematuria is a very common clinical symptom with very complex causes, almost all blood system diseases can cause hematuria, many infectious diseases such as epidemic hemorrhagic fever leptospirosis measles mumps, etc., can cause hematuria, drugs or heavy metal salt poisoning can also be seen, generally have a special medical history and special clinical manifestations, the general diagnosis is not difficult with the upper abdominal mass of the waist hematuria is seen in tumor tuberculosis Polycystic kidney, etc.