Traditionally, the aim of surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis has been to promote stable healing or to remove irreversibly damaged infected lesions (i.e., long-standing cavities or thick-walled pus cavities). The indications for surgery have gone through an interesting cycle. Infected tissue should never be excised without effective chemotherapy, so indications for excision are extremely strict and surgical resection is rare. In the second phase, it was considered safe to excise infected but still viable tissue under the protection of chemotherapy, and surgery was more limited and varied in form. Surgical treatment gradually became more common. At this stage, long-term follow-up results show that for resected lesions, chemotherapy is as effective as or better than surgical excision. Therefore, indications for surgery are rare, except for some special cases such as lesions of unknown nature or complications requiring surgical treatment. Surgery is usually limited to the management of complications of Mycobacterium bovis infection, including massive hemoptysis (blood loss of more than 6 mL in 24 hours); bronchopleural fistula; suspected cancer; pulmonary atelectasis and, more commonly, chemotherapy-resistant or long-standing infections. Cavitation per se is not a surgical indication unless accompanied by one of the above comorbidities. Relative indications for surgery are: 1, severely compromised distal bronchial destroyed lungs or lobes, and recurrent combined or septic infections. 2. elderly patients with open purulent cavities greater than 2-3 cm in size 3. those with proven atypical multi-drug resistant cavities, where the lesion can be completely removed by lobectomy 4. known infections of lung segments or lobes with recurrent sputum positivity despite the absence of a meatus cavity 5. asymptomatic peripheral nodules, usually tuberculomas. It has been documented that the chance of carcinogenesis based on tuberculosis scar is about 10-20%, and the chance of carcinogenesis tends to increase with time, so surgical excision is also advocated for isolated tuberculosis nodules. 6. Pleural fistulas and destroyed lungs and secondary infections, and, if the contralateral lung function allows, after a period of supportive treatment, total pleuropneumonectomy or pleuropulmonary lobectomy is feasible.