Chronic atrophic gastritis is a common stomach disorder. Arteriosclerosis, inadequate gastric blood flow, and tobacco and tea addiction can easily damage the barrier function of the gastric mucosa and cause chronic atrophic gastritis. In atrophic gastritis, the gastric mucosa atrophies and is replaced by epithelial cells of the intestine, i.e., intestinal metaplasia; as the inflammation continues to evolve, the cells grow atypically, i.e., atypical hyperplasia, leading to carcinogenesis. Because of the high incidence of this disease, and often recurrent clinical episodes, not easily cured, and closely related to the occurrence of gastric cancer, chronic atrophic gastritis is increasingly important to people. What are the causes of chronic atrophic gastritis? The cause of chronic atrophic gastritis has not been understood to date and may be related to the following factors: 1. The continuation of chronic superficial gastritis Chronic atrophic gastritis can develop from chronic superficial gastritis. The PLA General Hospital and six other hospitals reported 164 cases of superficial gastritis after 5 to 8 years of follow-up observation, of which 34 cases turned into chronic atrophic gastritis (20 .7%). The etiology of chronic superficial gastritis can be the causative and aggravating factors of chronic atrophic gastritis. 2, genetic factors According to Varis survey, the incidence of chronic atrophic gastritis is significantly higher among the first generation of relatives of patients with chronic atrophic gastritis, and the genetic factor of pernicious anemia is also evident. The incidence rate with relatives is 20 times greater than the control group, indicating that chronic atrophic gastritis may be related to genetic factors. Polmer called it excretory gastritis. In addition to lead, many heavy metals such as mercury, tellurium, copper and zinc have a certain damaging effect on the gastric mucosa. 4, radiation radiation treatment of ulcer disease or other tumors, can make the gastric mucosa damage or even atrophy. Badanoch reported 50 cases of iron deficiency anemia, normal gastric mucosa, superficial gastritis and atrophic gastritis accounted for 14%, 46% and 40% respectively. However, the mechanism of gastritis caused by anemia is not known. Some scholars believe that gastritis is the primary cause because of gastritis, low gastric acid causes iron can not be absorbed, or because of gastric bleeding to form anemia; another opinion is that there is anemia first, because the lack of iron in the body makes the gastric mucosa renewal rate is affected and prone to inflammation. 6, biological factors Chronic infectious diseases such as hepatitis, tuberculosis and other effects on the stomach have also attracted attention. Patients with chronic liver disease often have signs and symptoms of chronic gastritis, and gastric mucosal staining also confirms that there are antigenic antibody complexes of hepatitis B virus in the gastric mucosa of hepatitis B patients. Ruijin Hospital reported 91 patients with atrophic gastritis, 24 cases (26.4%) were combined with chronic hepatitis. Therefore, the effect of chronic infectious diseases, especially chronic liver disease on the stomach is worth noting. 7, physical factors Clinical statistics show a significant positive correlation between the occurrence of this disease and age. The older the age, the worse the gastric mucosa function “resistance”, easily affected by external adverse factors and cause damage. 8, bile or duodenal fluid reflux Due to pyloric sphincter dysfunction or after gastrojejunostomy, bile or duodenal fluid can reflux into the stomach and destroy the gastric mucosal barrier, prompting H+ and pepsin to backscatter into the mucosa causing a series of pathological changes, leading to chronic superficial gastritis, and can develop into chronic atrophic gastritis. 9, immune factors in atrophic gastritis, especially gastric gastritis patients with blood, gastric juice or in the plasma cells of the atrophic mucosa, can often find wall cell antibodies or endogenous factor antibodies, so that autoimmune reactions are considered to be the relevant etiology of chronic atrophic gastritis. In recent years, a few patients with gastric sinus gastritis were found to have antibodies to gastrin-secreting cells, which are specific autoimmune antibodies to cells and belong to the Ig G lineage. Some patients with atrophic gastritis have abnormal in vitro lymphocyte transformation test and leukocyte movement inhibition test, suggesting that cellular immune response is also important in the development of atrophic gastritis. 10, Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection In 1983, Australian scholars Marshall and Warren first isolated HP from the mucus layer and epithelial cells of the gastric sinus in patients with chronic gastritis. since then, many scholars have conducted numerous experimental studies on patients with chronic gastritis, and HP was cultured in the gastric mucosa of 60% to 90% of patients with chronic gastritis, and then found that the degree of HP infection was associated with At the 8th meeting of the World Gastroenterology Association in 1986, it was suggested that HP infection is one of the important causes of chronic gastritis.