Causes of cancer: Cancer-causing factors are generally divided into two categories: 1. Exogenous factors: chemical, physical, viral, mycotoxins, etc. Research shows that 80% of tumors are related to exogenous environmental factors. Physical factors: ionizing radiation, ultraviolet light, etc.; chemical factors: such as paraffin oil, coal tar, asbestos, vinyl chloride, benzene, nitrosamines, etc.; viral factors: hepatitis B virus, human papilloma virus, EBV, etc. 2. Endogenous factors: immune status, genetic quality, hormone level, DNA repair ability, etc. Cancer prevention and treatment Whether in nature or in the laboratory, the occurrence of most tumors is a complex process that is subject to multiple factors and manifests itself in multiple stages. That is, it takes enough time and multiple changes for normal cells to change into tumor cells. Therefore, tumors are divided into three levels of prevention. Tertiary prevention of tumor: Scientific research shows that some cancers can be avoided. 1/3 cancers can be prevented. 1/3 cancers may be cured if they are diagnosed early. Reasonable and effective palliative care can improve the quality of survival of the remaining 1/3 cancer patients. Primary prevention is also called etiological prevention. Its goal is to prevent cancer from occurring. Its tasks include studying various cancer causes and risk factors, taking preventive measures against specific cancer-causing, cancer-promoting factors such as chemical, physical and biological, and disease-causing conditions inside and outside the body, and taking measures against healthy organisms to enhance environmental protection, appropriate diet, and appropriate sports to improve physical and mental health. For individuals, this is the 0 period, which is an important “prevention before it happens” period. (1) Non-smoking: The incidence of lung cancer increases significantly when the smoking index is greater than 400. Smoking is also associated with many other tumors. (2) Diet: The American Dietetic and Nutritional Council’s survey shows that colon, breast, esophageal, stomach and lung cancers are the most likely to be prevented by changing dietary habits. In fact, a reasonable diet may have a preventive effect on most cancers, especially there are various cancer-preventing ingredients in plant-based foods, which are effective in the prevention of almost all cancers. In 1997, the Chinese Nutrition Society published 8 dietary guidelines: A. Diversified foods, mainly cereals. This includes cereals and potatoes, animal foods, beans and their products, vegetables and fruits, and pure calorie foods, etc. B. Eat more vegetables, fruits and potatoes to maintain cardiovascular health, increase disease resistance and prevent cancer. C. Eat dairy, beans and their products every day. Dairy foods are high in calcium and are an excellent source of protein, as are legumes. D. Eat an appropriate amount of fish, poultry, eggs and lean meat, and less fatty meat and meat and oil. The amino acid composition of animal protein is comprehensive, with high lysine content and unsaturated fatty acids of fish have the effect of lowering blood lipids and preventing thrombosis. E. Maintain a balance between meals and physical activities, and maintain a proper weight, with 30%, 40% and 30% of calories for breakfast, lunch and dinner respectively. F. Eat a light and low-salt diet. The average salt intake of our residents is about 15 grams per day, which is twice the value recommended by the World Health Organization, so the intake of salt should be reduced. G. Drinking alcohol should be moderated. H. Eat clean and hygienic, non-perishable food, including the purchase of food that meets health standards, especially green food. Cereals: The intake of cereals accounts for 20% of human energy supply in developed countries and 70% of human energy supply in Asian countries. Complete cereals may reduce the incidence of stomach and colon cancer. Vegetables and fruits: So far, the consumption of vegetables and fruits has not been found to increase the risk of certain types of cancer. The energy provided by vegetables and fruits is 5-10% in most countries. Numerous studies have confirmed that vegetables and fruits can significantly reduce the incidence of cancer in the lung, and the entire digestive tract; they may also reduce the incidence of cervical, ovarian, endometrial, thyroid, liver, prostate, and kidney cancers. Which vegetables have anti-cancer effects? The statistical survey on the relationship between dietary life and cancer of 260,000 people conducted by the National Cancer Prevention Institute of Japan proved the anti-cancer effect of vegetables. Through the analysis of more than 40 kinds of vegetable anti-cancer components and the results of experimental cancer suppression experiments, a list of 20 kinds of vegetables with significant tumor suppression effect was discharged from high to low. They were cooked sweet potato (98.7%), raw sweet potato (94.4%), asparagus (93.9%), cauliflower (82.8%), cabbage (91.4%), cauliflower (90.8%), parsley (83.7%), eggplant skin (74%), bell pepper (55.5%), carrot (46.5%), golden cauliflower (37.6%), capers (35.4%), skunk cabbage (34.7%), mustard (32.9%), potherb mustard (29.8%), tomato (23.9%), onion (16.3%), garlic (15.9%), cucumber (14.3%), cabbage (7.4%). Meat, poultry, fish and eggs: Most studies have shown that meat consumption is related to the development of rectal, colon, breast, prostate, stomach and pancreatic cancers. Especially related to colorectal cancer. In a study of 6,000 vegetarians in the UK, it was found that the cancer mortality rate among vegetarians was 56% of the cancer mortality rate among meat eaters. The incidence of breast cancer was lower in female vegetarians than in female meat eaters. It is important to reduce the intake of fat, especially saturated fatty acids, in meat foods. Milk and dairy products: Milk and dairy products generally have no effect on tumorigenesis; some studies suggest an effect on prostate cancer and kidney cancer. Legumes: There is no uniform conclusion on the risk of legumes on tumors. 58 epidemiological studies: 29 reported a decrease in tumor occurrence; 22 increased tumor occurrence; 7 had no effect. (3) Occupation, environment, infection, drugs For example, lung cancer (asbestos) bladder department (aniline dyes), leukemia (benzene). Some infectious diseases are also closely related to certain cancers: for example, hepatitis B virus and liver cancer, human papilloma virus and cervical cancer, schistosome parasitic infection significantly increases the risk of bladder cancer, exposure to some ionic rays and a large number of ultraviolet rays especially from the sun can also lead to certain tumors, especially skin cancer, commonly used carcinogenic drugs estrogen and androgen, anti-estrogen drug triamcinolone. Postmenopausal women are widely used estrogen endometrial cancer and breast cancer related. The task of secondary prevention includes taking “three early” measures (early detection, early diagnosis, early treatment) for potential hidden diseases before the appearance of cancer symptoms. To stop or slow down the development of the disease. The early reversal and recovery of health. Pay attention to the ten danger signs of cancer The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, based on the situation in China, has proposed the following ten symptoms as warning signs to draw people’s attention to cancer: 1. Lumps on any part of the body, such as breast, neck or abdomen, especially if they are gradually increasing in size. 2. Ulcers on any part of the body, such as the tongue, cheek mucosa, and skin without trauma, especially those that do not heal after a long time. 3.Irregular vaginal bleeding or discharge (commonly known as increased leucorrhea) in women of middle age or older. 4.Dullness, burning pain, foreign body sensation or progressive aggravation of dysphagia behind the sternum when eating. 5.A dry cough or blood in the talk that cannot be cured for a long time. 6.Long-term indigestion, progressive loss of appetite, wasting, and no clear cause is identified. 7.Change in stool habit or blood in stool. 8.Nasal congestion, epistaxis, unilateral headache or diplopia. 9.A sudden increase in size of the nevus or breakage, bleeding, or loss of the original hair. 10. Painless hematuria. In addition to the above ten symptoms, there are the following eight signs, which should also be highly alert. 1.Unilateral persistently aggravated headache, vomiting and visual disturbance, especially diplopia of unknown cause. 2.Tinnitus, hearing loss, retractable sputum with blood, and neck mass. 3.Unexplained oral bleeding, oropharyngeal discomfort, foreign body sensation or oral pain. 4. Painless and continuously worsening jaundice. 5, Nipple discharge, especially bloody fluid. 6.Male breast enlargement. 7.Unexplained fatigue, anemia and fever. 8.Unexplained generalized pain, bone and joint pain What diseases are easily transformed into cancer? The occurrence of malignant tumor is not formed overnight, but is a long-term evolutionary development process. Current research has found that many chronic diseases may become a stage of cancer development, which is commonly referred to as precancerous lesions. Precancerous lesions must be treated effectively to prevent their transformation to malignancy. The following are precancerous diseases or precancerous lesions of various tumors that must be taken seriously Gastric cancer: chronic atrophic gastritis, gastroduodenal giant ulcer Esophageal cancer: chronic esophagitis, frequent esophageal obstruction, pain, etc Colorectal cancer: chronic enteritis, intestinal tuberculosis, ulcerative colitis, colorectal multiple polyps, colonic adenoma, schistosomiasis Liver cancer: chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis B Pancreatic cancer: chronic pancreatitis Breast cancer: chronic mastitis, breast tuberculosis, chronic hyperplasia of breast Cervical cancer Testicular cancer: cryptorchid testicular cancer (tertiary prevention): treatment of malignant tumors includes surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, biological therapy, Chinese medicine, etc. At present, tumor treatment still reflects the aim of ‘killing’, however, the treatment mode is changing quietly. In conclusion, there are many treatment methods for tumors, but in clinical practice, we know: the more treatment methods for a disease, the more it indicates the limitation of treatment efficacy. That means the difficulty of radical cure. This requires us to adopt multidisciplinary and comprehensive treatment with reasonable combination to obtain the best curative effect. Avoid single treatment, which may delay the best treatment time. Everyone knows that tumor prevention is the most important thing, but it is impossible to prevent. Inevitably, we have to contact with some harmful substances in our daily life, how can we do it? WHO 15 rules for cancer prevention 1. Do not eat moldy food and its products. Peanuts, soybeans, rice, flour, vegetable oil, etc. can produce aflatoxin, which is a strong carcinogenic substance. 2. Eat less smoked or pickled food, such as bacon, salted meat, salted fish, pickled sauerkraut, pickled vegetables, etc., because these foods can produce a carcinogenic substance – amyl nitrite. 3.Do not drink alcohol, especially not strong alcohol. Because wine produces a variety of carcinogenic substances in the production process, and alcohol can directly stimulate the mouth, tongue, esophagus, stomach and intestinal mucosa, which may cause cancer. 4, do not smoke, smoke inhalation in the airways and lungs, 50,000 times more harmful than air pollution, smoke has a variety of carcinogenic substances. 5, do not touch or less contact with the black smoke coming out of the chimney, the air polluted by it contains a small amount of carcinogenic substances. 6.Do not eat vegetables, fruits and other things contaminated by pesticides, and wash them well before eating. 7.Do not use washing powder to scrub dishes, tea sets or wash food, as washing powder can promote the development of cancer. 8.Do not use toxic plastic film to package food or use toxic plastic products to hold food. Because polyvinyl chloride is a carcinogenic substance. 9.Don’t over-sunbathe. There are strong ultraviolet rays in the sun, and prolonged sun exposure has carcinogenic effect on the skin. 10.Do not eat too hot, too hard, burnt or too salty food and do not drink too hot water. It can stimulate the epithelial cells of gastric mucosa and destroy the protective effect of mucosal barrier, which can give cancer a chance to take advantage of. 11.Smoking and drinking together can greatly increase the chance of cancer. 12.Eat more fresh vegetables, don’t eat too much, control meat and don’t be too fat, which can reduce the incidence of cancer. 13.Don’t often take drugs that may cause cancer, such as hormone drugs, high dose vitamins and so on. These drugs can reduce the immunity of people and give opportunities for cancer to develop. 14.Women with celiac disease should have regular checkups and timely treatment to prevent cancer. 15.Adults or children who have overgrown penis should be removed in time and ring cut to prevent penile cancer. Is it enough with the above 15 articles? I think it is not enough, there is another very important one: regular physical examination. Only regular medical checkups can lead to early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment. Only then can the cure rate be improved.