According to relevant studies, patients with urolithiasis who do not receive effective preventive measures have a lifetime recurrence rate of nearly 100%; in contrast, those who receive preventive treatment have a recurrence rate of only 15%, so it is crucial to prevent stone recurrence. Among the many factors to prevent stone recurrence, it is very important to adjust and control the diet with reference to stone composition. Our analysis suggests that the highest incidence of stones is in mixed calcium oxalate-calcium phosphate stones and calcium oxalate monohydrate, calcium oxalate dihydrate stones. Relatively speaking, magnesium ammonium phosphate stones and uric acid stones were less frequent. Stones with different components have different etiologies and differences in diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, a proper understanding of the nature and composition of different stones is essential. Visual observation of stone appearance combined with qualitative analysis of stones can make the results more complete and accurate. In addition to primary hyperoxaluria, which cannot yet be prevented or effectively treated, about 20% of patients with secondary calcium oxalate kidney stones develop mild hyperoxaluria, and limiting dietary oxalate intake can correct hyperoxaluria and reduce stone recurrence in these patients. Oxalic acid in urine can come from oxalic acid-rich foods such as spinach, strawberries, and chocolate. In addition, glycine, hydroxyproline and vitamin C can also be converted to oxalic acid by certain pathways, i.e. endogenous oxalic acid. In addition, calcium-containing stones account for the vast majority. “Patients with stones should eat less calcium”. Almost all patients are subject to this misinformation. Normally, dietary oxalic acid and calcium can combine with each other in the intestine, form insoluble calcium oxalate and then be excreted in the feces, so a low-calcium diet can instead cause an increase in free oxalic acid in the intestine, which leads to an increase in urinary oxalic acid when absorbed and excreted in the urine. Since oxalic acid has a much greater risk of stone formation than calcium, it is a more dangerous factor. At present, our residents are mostly vegetarian and consume more oxalic acid, while calcium is significantly lower. According to the recommendation of the Chinese Nutrition Society, the bottom limit of the national daily calcium requirement is 800 mg, but the actual average intake of urban and rural residents in China is 405 mg, which is only half, and only equivalent to one-third of the daily calcium intake of Americans. Therefore, the national population itself has been on a low-calcium diet. The relative rate of calcium oxalate stones in China is higher than in other developed countries, which may not be unrelated to this. Therefore, the “low-calcium diet” is not only unnecessary, but also not scientifically based. In particular, it is normal for children to have a high calcium requirement during their developmental period, which is a positive calcium balance and generally does not cause stones. Moreover, further calcium restriction can also lead to rickets in children and osteoporosis in adults. Not everything combined with calcium will cause stones. For example, citric acid complexes with calcium to form highly soluble calcium citrate, which not only competitively inhibits calcium oxalate formation, but calcium citrate is also a stone inhibitor. Today, it is believed that the main cause of high urinary calcium is excessive consumption of high-protein foods, i.e., “a high-protein diet is the first driving force of high urinary calcium”. Since protein can be broken down into amino acids, the blood tends to become acidic. Bones are decalcified in an acidic state, and the latter is excreted into the urine through the blood, leading to an increase in urinary calcium. According to numerous surveys, the occurrence of stones is related to the “amount” of drinking water. This “amount” for adults should not be based on the amount of water consumed alone, but should be more than 2000 ml of urine per day, because in high temperatures, or during exercise and physical labor, there is a large amount of sweat evaporation that reduces the amount of urine, resulting in the concentration of lithogenic substances in the urine, which in turn induces stone formation. For adult stones of different composition, in addition to drinking a lot of water, the following individualized prevention and treatment measures should be applied: (1) calcium oxalate stones: avoid spinach, parsley, asparagus, strawberries, plums, strong tea, chocolate and various dried fruits (walnuts, chestnuts, peanuts, etc., the harder the texture, the more oxalic acid it contains). (2) Calcium phosphate stones: Alkaline drinks, such as various colas, should not be consumed. Limit salt to less than 5 grams per day and avoid MSG. Limit substantially the consumption of meat, eggs and other high-protein foods. (3) Uric acid stones: Avoid eating animal offal and alcohol; limit meat, fish and shrimp to no more than 100 grams per day; eat less mushrooms and beans. The purine content in eggs and milk is very low and can be consumed to supplement the protein required by the body. (4) magnesium ammonium phosphate stones: that is, infected stones, pay attention to personal hygiene, to prevent urinary tract infection. (5) Cystine stones: The recurrence rate is extremely high, and the consumption of meat, eggs, peanuts and legumes should be strictly limited. Rice should be the main food and more vegetables and fruits should be eaten. Follow medical treatment with medication for life. Stone composition analysis is a method to confirm the nature of stones and is an important basis for developing stone prevention measures. Therefore, composition analysis should be performed on stones that are naturally expelled, lithotripsy or surgically removed. The principle of the test is to determine the structure and composition of the compound based on the characteristics of the absorption peak in the infrared region of the sample.