The pathological basis of cerebral infarction is atherosclerosis, which is an irreversible disease with high morbidity, so cerebral infarction is characterized by high recurrence rate and high disability rate, and prevention of cerebral infarction includes primary prevention and secondary prevention, which is necessary for both patients with cerebral infarction and people at high risk of cerebral infarction. The prevention of cerebral infarction should be comprehensive from diet, exercise, medication, risk factor control, etc. Especially for patients with cerebral infarction, the purpose of prevention is to improve the symptoms and prevent the progress of recurrence. Prevention and treatment of cerebral infarction should include two ABCDE, which should be carried out in all stages of the acute late stage, recovery period and sequelae period of cerebral infarction, in order to effectively carry out targeted treatment of the primary disease and effectively reduce recurrence.
1.ABCDE
A. Aspirin (Aspirine)
Mainly anti-platelet agglutination and release, improve the balance of prostaglandin and thromboxane A2, prevent atherosclerosis thrombosis, from the clinical point of view, the daily routine intake of Bay aspirin enteric soluble tablets 75-150 mg, can prevent the recurrence of cerebral infarction.
B. Blood pressure and blood lipids (Bloodpressurecontrol)
The higher the blood pressure, the greater the chance of cerebral infarction or recurrence of cerebral infarction; high blood pressure makes the blood sticky and the blood flow slow, which reduces the amount of blood supplied to the brain; on the other hand, it damages the endothelium of blood vessels and forms atherosclerotic plaques in the walls of blood vessels, which directly leads to the occurrence and development of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Both belong to primary high-risk factor diseases, effective treatment can prevent the recurrence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases;
C. Chinese medicine prevention and treatment (Chinesemedicine)
The large compound of authentic Chinese herbal medicine has exact and comprehensive clinical effect in preventing and treating cerebral infarction, including the traditional medicine characteristic of activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis, aromatic and opening the orifice, and the lipid-lowering and anticoagulant Chinese medicine Tianxintai Thrombocardium Tablet, which is the first Chinese medicine variety with secondary research and development focusing on secondary prevention, and also has the functions of lowering blood pressure, lowering blood viscosity, improving microcirculation, anti-oxidation, anti-thrombosis and eliminating blood stasis, which can safely and accurately prevent It can safely and accurately prevent the progress of cerebral infarction, and for middle-aged and elderly people who have not yet suffered from cerebral infarction but have developed symptoms of atherosclerosis or aura of cerebral infarction, Tianxintai Thrombocardium Tablet also has a better preventive effect, which is better in terms of safety and treatment target;
D. Diabetescontrol
More than 80% of diabetic patients have abnormal lipid metabolism, often accompanied by atherosclerosis and hyperlipidemia, and increased glucose content in the blood will also increase blood viscosity and coagulability, which is conducive to the formation of cerebral infarction. Diabetic patients should adopt a low-calorie, low-sugar diet and use glucose-lowering drugs appropriately;
E. Rehabilitation education (Education)
Strengthen the knowledge of prevention of cerebral thrombosis, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis and hypertension through network publicity, free practical reading materials and regular rehabilitation guidance. Actively intervene in risk factors, so that patients can patiently accept long-term prevention and treatment measures and actively cooperate with drug treatment.
2.ABCDE
A. Active exercise (Accumulatesexercise)
Appropriate exercise can increase fat consumption, reduce cholesterol deposition in the body and improve insulin sensitivity, which is beneficial for preventing obesity, controlling weight, increasing circulatory function, adjusting blood lipids and lowering blood pressure, and reducing blood clots, and is an active measure to prevent and treat cerebral thrombosis, cerebral embolism and cerebral infarction. Patients with cerebral thrombosis should choose according to their personal physical condition, and should do proper and moderate physical exercise and physical activities, to the extent that they do not feel fatigue. It is not advisable to do strenuous exercises, such as running, climbing, etc. Aerobic exercises such as walking, soft gymnastics and tai chi can be performed.
B. Weight control (BMIcontrol)
That is, maintain or reduce weight, so that the BMI is maintained at 18,5-24,9kg/m2, waist circumference <90cm, can effectively prevent coronary heart disease;
C, quit smoking and limit alcohol (Cigarettequitting)
Cigarettes contain more than 3,000 kinds of harmful substances, nicotine inhalation in the human body, can stimulate the plant nerve, make the blood vessels spasm, heart rate increases, blood pressure increases, blood cholesterol increases, thus accelerating atherosclerosis; quit or limit alcohol.
D.Rational diet (Diet)
Food diversity, cereal-based; eat more peaches, oranges, bananas, spinach, beans, sweet potatoes, potatoes and other potassium-rich food, can lower blood pressure and prevent stroke; calcium deficiency can prompt small arteries spasm, blood pressure rise, daily intake of more than 1 gram of calcium, can lower blood pressure; magnesium and calcium have similar effects, should eat more coarse grains, nuts, seaweed and other magnesium-rich food; eat more vegetables, bananas, potatoes and fiber-rich food ; eat milk, beans or their products every day; often eat the right amount of fish and poultry eggs, lean meat, less fat, skin, hooves and meat dishes; food and physical activity to balance, maintain the appropriate weight; eat light less salt, less sugar diet, should be reduced to about 6 grams of salt per day.
E. Emotional stability (Emotion)
Optimism, stable emotions, a comfortable and balanced mind is not only an important factor in the prevention of cardiovascular disease, but also the key and secret of achieving longevity.
How to prevent cerebral hemorrhage
How to prevent cerebral hemorrhage, especially for the elderly
Cerebral hemorrhage refers to the rupture of blood vessels inside the brain and the direct entry of blood into the brain tissue, thus forming a hematoma, which compresses the surrounding brain tissue and increases the intracranial pressure, resulting in a series of corresponding symptoms. The disease has a rapid onset and progresses rapidly, and can result in complete loss of consciousness and paralysis of the limbs within minutes to hours.
The most common cause of cerebral hemorrhage is hypertensive arteriosclerosis, and the most likely time of onset is almost always when the patient is awake, suddenly active, overexerted or emotionally excited. Active prevention and treatment of hypertension and atherosclerosis in the elderly, reducing the incidence of cerebral hemorrhage among the various risk factors for developing cerebral hemorrhage, is the key to low incidence of cerebral hemorrhage and morbidity and mortality. All patients with hypertension and atherosclerosis; after active treatment, the incidence and morbidity and mortality rates of cerebral hemorrhage are lower than those who do not receive treatment or interrupt treatment. Therefore, to prevent cerebral hemorrhage, the first step is to avoid sudden rise in blood pressure.
For middle-aged and elderly people suffering from hypertensive atherosclerosis, special attention should be paid to the following points.
1. Active control of hypertension: Blood pressure must be controlled within the normal range in a long-term, effective and active manner. Because, hypertension is an important cause of cerebral hemorrhage, about 70% to 80% of cerebral hemorrhage is caused by hypertension.
2, maintain a good mental mood: when mental tension, emotional instability or excitement, blood pressure will suddenly rise, thus triggering cerebral hemorrhage. When the middle-aged and elderly people encounter adverse stimuli in life, they should avoid anxiety, irritability, worry, sadness and other mood swings, and always maintain an open-minded, optimistic, humorous and calm mental state, which helps to regulate the cortical function of the plant nerves.
3.Actively treat the primary disease that may cause cerebral hemorrhage: the abnormal lipid metabolism caused by diabetes is prone to atherosclerosis, and the prevalence of atherosclerosis in diabetic patients is twice as high as that in patients without diabetes. In addition, hyperlipidemia, especially the increase of low-density lipoprotein, is a risk factor for atherosclerosis, correcting hyperlipidemia can significantly reduce the risk of cerebrovascular disease.
4, increase their own health care awareness: middle-aged people over 40 years old should have a regular annual physical examination to detect hypertension and diabetes in a timely manner. Do not miss because of busy work, even if you miss the opportunity to physical examination, you should make up in a timely manner, at least blood pressure, heart, lipid and blood glucose tests and other tests.
5, to develop good habits: middle-aged and elderly people should achieve a regular and orderly life. Get enough sleep every day and do not indulge in long hours of entertainment such as TV, mahjong and dancing in the evening to prevent the cerebral cortex from being overexcited and affecting sleep. Reasonable nutrition, three meals a day choose fresh vegetables, protein and soy food, less sweet, salty and high-fat food, more fruit, dinner should not be too full, control weight to reduce the burden on the heart. Quit smoking and drinking, exercise often, and combine motion and static. Middle-aged and elderly people can choose walking, gymnastics, tai chi, these activities are an excellent brain soft gymnastics for middle-aged and elderly people, which is a good way to prevent cerebral arteriosclerosis and cerebral atrophy that cannot be replaced by drugs.
In addition, to develop a good habit of regular defecation, to prevent constipation, excessive abdominal pressure during defecation, resulting in increased blood pressure. Usually, we should try to avoid doing violent bending, head down, lifting heavy objects and other actions, especially for elderly people with high blood pressure, to prevent sudden cerebral blood flow pressure from being too high and cerebral hemorrhage from occurring.
Many parents are worried that anesthesia or anesthetic drugs will affect the intellectual development of children, but some people think this worry is unnecessary, so is there any effect of anesthesia in children in the end?
Many parents worry that anesthesia or anesthetic drugs may affect the intellectual development of children, but some think that this worry is unnecessary.
An article entitled “Researchersstruggletogaugerisksofchildhoodanesthesia” published in the December issue of Science’s Biomedical Research section examines recent experimental animal studies on brain damage caused by anesthesia. The article examines recent animal studies of brain damage from anesthesia and identifies multiple influences, such as lack of funding and ethical issues, that confound this area of investigation and analysis.
While conclusions about brain damage after anesthesia in children have been inconclusive in recent years, studies continue to show developmental damage in nematodes, zebrafish, rats and guinea pigs, pigs and monkeys undergoing routine anesthesia. At last month’s FDA meeting on anesthesia in children, FDA Scientific Advisory Committee co-chair Maria Freire said, “From nematodes to nonhuman primates, I’m getting concerned.”
There are currently four common anesthesia methods for children: basic anesthesia (meaning preoperative sedation followed by local anesthesia or plexus block anesthesia), site anesthesia, general anesthesia, and hypothermia.
Among them, basic anesthesia and site anesthesia only block the conduction of nerve fibers or nerve trunks, and play the role of local anesthesia, and the consciousness is clear during anesthesia. Therefore, intelligence is not affected. General anesthesia, on the other hand, is required to suppress the cerebral cortex to make the child temporarily unconscious and ensure the completion of various surgeries without painful and restful sleep, which is generally considered by doctors as a way to control the oxygen supply through machines for breathing, and after the anesthesia, the child gradually wakes up and therefore has no effect on intelligence.
However, compared to adults, anesthesia in children is indeed riskier, with the possibility of respiratory depression, or damage to other organ functions, such as liver and kidney function.
And some studies in recent years have shown that anesthesia does cause learning disabilities and other brain developmental damage, such as a study last year in the United States that found that children who have had two or more anesthetics for surgery before age 3 may be at higher risk for learning disabilities later in life than normal children.
Researchers at Mayo Medical School studied the academic performance and medical records of a total of 5,357 children in a Minnesota county and found that if children had received only one surgical anesthesia before the age of 3, they were not at higher than normal risk of experiencing a learning disability by the age of 19. However, if they had two surgical anesthetics, their risk of experiencing future learning disabilities increased by 59%. Once they had received three or more surgical anesthesia, their risk of developing a learning disability was 2.6 times higher than that of the general population of the same age. The study also found that the longer children were anesthetized, the greater their risk of learning disabilities.
In addition, in terms of mechanism, as early as 1999, researchers found that the commonly used anesthetic ketamine ketamine blocked NMDA receptors in the brain, leading to neural cell death in newborn rats. Other experiments have found that such drugs also affect gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, such as sevoflurane ketamine, which is the most commonly used anesthetic for children.
A 2011 FDA-led study also found that macaques born 6 days old who were exposed to certain anesthetics developed permanent cognitive impairment.
However, another sedative called dexmedetomidine has emerged, and some animal studies with this agent have not shown neurotoxicity, as well as the harmful effects of other drugs. However, since this drug has not been extensively studied and tested in children, it needs to be further analyzed.
In short, parents are not wrong to be cautious about anesthesia in children, as Laura Tosi, a pediatric anesthesiologist at Children’s National Health System in Washington, said, “We have to be very careful that there is a public fear of anesthesia at this time.