The spine that supports the body is composed of 26 vertebrae joined together, and the central canal of the spine is called the spinal canal. This canal contains the spinal membrane, nerves and spinal cord. Spina bifida is most often seen in the lumbosacral region and occasionally in the thoracic segment, with the defect mostly at the back of the spine and rarely in the front. How is spina bifida treated? The following is a detailed description. Cystic spina bifida almost always requires surgery. If the cystic wall is very thin or broken, emergency or early surgery is required. In other cases, surgery within 1 to 3 months after birth is preferable to prevent rupture of the cystic wall and aggravation of the lesion. If the cyst wall is thick, surgery can be performed after the child is older (after 1.5 years of age) in order to reduce the mortality rate. The goal of surgery is to remove the wall of the bulging capsule, release the spinal cord and nerve root adhesions, incorporate the bulging nerve tissue back into the spinal canal, and repair the soft tissue defect to avoid aggravating the symptoms by holding the nerve tissue. If the spinal opening cannot be sutured directly, the dorsal fascia should be turned over for repair. The dressing should be tightly applied and the sutures should be removed in a prone or lateral position for 2 to 3 days after surgery to prevent wetting of the incision with urine and stool. In cases of long-term micturition or nocturnal enuresis or persistent neurological symptoms aggravated by occult spina bifida, careful examination should be followed by appropriate surgical treatment. The aim of surgery is to remove the fibrous and fatty tissue compressing the nerve roots. In spina bifida with complete paralysis of both lower extremities and incontinence at birth, or in spina bifida with significant hydrocephalus, it is often difficult to return to normal after surgery. It may even aggravate the symptoms or develop other complications. Early recognition and treatment of the disease is the key to its cure. Children with spina bifida combined with spinal cord tethering are usually asymptomatic as children, but as the body develops, the tethered spinal cord is stretched and symptoms develop. Studies have shown that only about 45% of patients recover from motor dysfunction, such as weakness and numbness, and only 12% of patients recover from urinary incontinence once it occurs. Therefore, once a spinal cord tethering is detected, it should be treated surgically regardless of the presence or absence of symptoms. We are increasing our efforts to promote clinical knowledge so that families recognize at birth that posterior back masses, blood vessel nevi, skin depressions, and hairiness are not superficial phenomena, but may be congenital malformations of the spine and spinal cord within the spinal canal. Early detection and surgery should be performed, rather than rushing into surgery after the onset of obvious symptoms, which may be regretted for the rest of your life. With the significant advances in modern anesthesia and neurocritical care, the age of the patient is now not a limiting issue for surgery.