Urolithiasis is one of the common diseases in urology, and occupies the first place among urological inpatients. China is one of the top 3 areas in the world with a high incidence of stones, especially in the southern region where the incidence can be as high as 5-10%, with 25% of patients requiring hospitalization. Urinary stones are formed by the deposition of crystals and colloids contained in the urine and are collected. The factors involved in stone formation are comprehensive and vary from component to component and from site to site. Some are related to the external environment, while others are related to the patient’s internal factors, such as malnutrition, vitamin A deficiency, geography, dietary habits, genetic tendencies, metabolic changes and local changes in the urinary tract are all important factors. Urinary stones are often formed in the kidney and bladder, and symptoms occur when they cause infection, fluid accumulation or fall into the ureter or urethra causing obstruction, often causing typical renal colic, microscopic hematuria or difficulty in urination. An attack of renal colic is characterized by severe pain in the affected lumbar region, which may radiate to the inner thighs, testicles or labia. It is often accompanied by nausea and vomiting, and sometimes hematuria is visible to the naked eye. In larger stones that do not interfere with the flow of urine, there may be only vague pain in the affected lumbar region and less hematuria. Further diagnosis is required when the patient presents with associated symptoms. Ultrasound, intravenous urography (KUB+IVU), radionuclide (nephrogram), and CT are usually used to determine the location, size, shape, obstruction, and fractional kidney function of the stone, and the appropriate treatment is chosen based on the information from these tests and the patient’s condition. In the past, stones were often treated by open surgery, but in recent years, with the advancement of technology and surgical operations, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL), ureterorenoscopy (URL) and laparoscopic lithotripsy have emerged one after another, making the treatment of urinary stones gradually develop in the direction of minimally invasive. Minimally invasive treatment of urinary stones not only achieves or even exceeds the results achieved by open surgery, but also greatly reduces the trauma to the patient’s body caused by open surgery, protects kidney function as much as possible, and shortens the time of hospitalization.