Targeted therapy opportunities even if neither mutation nor dominant population If patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer have neither EGFR mutation nor dominant population for targeted therapy, does it mean that targeted therapy cannot be used? The study found that when patients with advanced lung cancer who failed chemotherapy were treated with placebo, the median overall survival was 4.7 months, meaning that one and only 50% of patients would live beyond 4.7 months, while with TKI therapy, the figure was 6.7 months. This means that the risk of death can be reduced by 30% when patients undergo targeted therapy after chemotherapy failure. Therefore, patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer should be given a chance for targeted therapy throughout their treatment, even if they are not mutated patients or in the dominant population. Some patients with advanced lung cancer are unable to tolerate the toxic side effects of chemotherapy, and their chemotherapy regimens are “drug-free”. For these patients who cannot or do not want to receive chemotherapy, such as those of advanced age and severe disease, they can also consider using targeted therapy directly. Because targeted therapy is less harmful to normal cells and has mild side effects, patients can tolerate it better than chemotherapy, and it is suitable for patients with poor physical condition.