Pediatric ophthalmology started late in China, and many parents do not know much about children’s eye care and common eye diseases. Amblyopia identification: early teaching children to check vision, annual astigmatism amblyopia refers to the eye without obvious organic lesions, or organic changes and refractive abnormalities, but its lesions are not compatible with the vision loss and constantly corrected or corrected visual acuity below 0.9, can occur in one or both eyes. Normal vision in children should be: around 3 years old, vision > 0.4; around 5 years old, vision > 0.5; 6 years old, vision > 0.7. Above 6 years old, there is basically little difference in vision with adults. The difference in visual acuity between the two eyes should not be >2 lines. Parents should start teaching their children to check their vision when they are three years old and take them to the ophthalmology department for dilated eye examinations every winter and summer. Optometry for children, especially for the first time, is best done with dilated pupils. The purpose of dilated pupils is to relax the ciliary muscle inside the eye, remove the eye’s own regulation, and make the eye completely relaxed. This allows the true refractive power of the child’s eyes to be determined. After the pupil returns to its normal size, the test is repeated once and the refractive state of the child’s eyes is accurately known based on the number of degrees twice. The prime time to treat amblyopia is before the age of six. The younger the child, the better the treatment effect, not only the shorter the course of treatment, but also the higher the cure rate. The older the child is, the worse the treatment results will be. 12 years of age or older is beyond the developmental period of the visual system and the majority of patients cannot obtain satisfactory treatment results. After adulthood, there is little hope for the cure of amblyopia. Early detection and treatment of amblyopia is important. Strabismus identification: alternate masking method combined with observation of head position abnormalities Some children may have “oblique eyes” due to nasal bridge dysplasia, or they may not actually have strabismus but look like it exists. Parents should not judge a child’s strabismus solely by the appearance of the eyes. Parents can face the child and use their left hand to hold a flashlight horizontally at the bridge of the child’s nose in the center of both eyes. Ask the child to look at the light naturally in front of him/her, and the parent to quickly cover the child’s single eye with the right hand alternately to ensure that only one eye of the child can see the light each time it is covered. During this process, the parent should carefully observe whether the reflective spot in the pupil area of both eyes is moving. If you notice a large movement of the reflective dots, it is best to bring your child to the ophthalmologist in time for investigation. In addition, if the child often squints in bright outdoor light, or often adopts a special head position such as tilted head, side face or raised chin to see things, parents should take pictures of these scenes with a camera to collect good information and bring the child to the ophthalmology department in time. Parents with a family history of strabismus also need to pay more attention to their child’s eyes. The timing of strabismus treatment is critical. Early correction of certain types of internal strabismus around the age of two has a better prognosis; the older the child, the more difficult it is to restore visual function in both eyes. In early-onset strabismus, if the eye position is not corrected before the age of five when both eyes are not fully developed, it is almost impossible to restore binocular vision.