1.What are stones? What are the components of stones? The human urinary system (commonly known as the urinary tract) consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. A stone is something that looks like a rock that forms in the urinary tract. According to the stone into can be divided into calcium-containing stones (calcium oxalate stones, calcium phosphate stones), uric acid stones, cystine stones and ammonium magnesium phosphate stones. Magnesium ammonium phosphate stones are a type of infected stones and the other stones are metabolic stones. Most stones are very complex and may contain a variety of stone components, are mixed with four, and about 90% of the stones contain calcium. 2.What is urolithiasis? Urolithiasis is a urinary tract stone. As the name suggests, a stone in any part of the urinary tract is called a urinary tract stone. What we call the urinary tract is a collective term for several parts of the kidney, ureter, bladder and urethra. The kidney and ureter are also known as the upper urinary tract, and the bladder and several parts of the urinary tract are collectively referred to as the urinary tract. The kidney and ureter are also known as the upper urinary tract, and the bladder and urinary tract are also known as the lower urinary tract. Stones may occur in various parts of the urinary tract and are called kidney stones, ureteral stones, bladder stones, and urethral stones depending on where the stones are located. Or they are called upper urinary tract stones and lower urinary tract stones. 3.What are the symptoms of urolithiasis? Stones appear in different locations in the urinary tract and the symptoms are not exactly the same. Patients with kidney stones and ureteral stones tend to have dull pain, hidden pain or colic in the lower back and abdomen, and in severe cases, even shock can occur. Patients with bladder stones often have lower abdominal pain and symptoms of urinary disorders such as frequent and painful urination. Most of the urethral stones come from the bladder, and the symptoms are acute urinary difficulty, spot urination with painful urination and hematuria, and acute urinary retention after severe pain in the perineum. 4.What are the hazards of urolithiasis? The health risks of urolithiasis are mainly local damage to the urinary tract, urinary tract obstruction caused by stones and complications of urinary tract infection. 1. Local damage: Small stones can move freely in the urinary tract, easily causing bleeding and renal colic caused by the urinary tract mucosa, but this local damage is still relatively light. Large more fixed or antler urinary stones, although the pain is not great, but can be long-term pressure on the mucosa of the urinary tract, so that the epithelium peels off, tissue ulceration, so that the stone and the ureteral wall to form adhesions, and in serious cases may also cause cancer. 2, urinary tract obstruction: kidney and ureteral stones are most likely to stay in the pelvic ureteral junction, ureter across the iliac vessels and ureteral parts, causing urinary tract obstruction. After urinary tract obstruction, the ureter and renal pelvis above the obstruction will dilate and accumulate water. Hydronephrosis can be classified as mild, moderate and severe hydronephrosis. In hydronephrosis, the kidney parenchyma is squeezed and affects the kidney function. If hydronephrosis is not solved for a long time, the whole kidney can be rendered non-functional. To drink dead bilateral urinary tract are obstructed, then it will lead to uremia. 3, urinary tract infection: urinary tract infections are often complicated by bacterial infections, hydronephrosis secondary to infection to form renal pus, serious urinary tract infections may also cause sepsis, threatening human life. In addition, urinary tract infection can promote the formation of stones, so that the original stones increase rapidly. 5.Is it true that the larger the stone, the more serious the symptoms? The symptoms are related to the immunity of the body, the damage caused by the stones, the presence of other complications, etc. There is no direct relationship with the size of the stones. In general, the size of the stone is more closely related to the time it takes to form; the larger the stone, the longer it takes. Some kidney stones often remain asymptomatic or have mild symptoms that are not easily noticed, and are quite large by the time they are found, as are some bladder stones, which are common. Some stones, on the other hand, are only a few millimeters in diameter but cause severe pain, fever, and other symptoms due to obstruction of the renal pelvis, ureter, or urethra, resulting in urinary flow obstruction, or accompanied by severe bacterial infection. Therefore, the size of the stone is not proportional to the severity of the symptoms, and the severity of the symptoms is often closely related to the presence of complications.