Leukemia accounts for the highest incidence of pediatric malignancies, with about 20,000 new children each year and an annual incidence of about 3 to 4 per 100,000 population. 90% or more of childhood leukemia is acute leukemia, of which 70% to 85% is acute lymphoblastic leukemia. This leukemia is very sensitive to common chemotherapeutic drugs, and the use of multiple drugs in combination with chemotherapy is the best way to treat this disease. With regular treatment, more than 90% of children can achieve complete remission. After 2 to 3 years of consolidation, 80% of children can be cured. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is clinically classified into three types: standard-risk, intermediate-risk and high-risk. Treatment is divided into radiotherapy, chemotherapy and transplantation. The complete cure rate of chemotherapy for standard-risk acute leukemia has reached over 80%, and the complete remission rate of pediatric acute leukemia can be over 95%, with a sustained complete remission rate of 70% to 80% over 5 years. Chemotherapy is the main treatment for pediatric acute leukemia. Only children with high-risk acute leukemia, chronic granulocytic leukemia, recurrent episodes or failure to remit require hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. There are two main forms of stem cell transplantation: allogeneic transplantation as well as autologous transplantation. In allogeneic transplantation, the allogeneic stem cells can be isolated from the circulating blood of a matched or partially matched donor. With autologous stem cell transplantation, the method is mainly to isolate the patient’s own stem cells from his bone marrow or blood and then refrigerate them. Then, the child is treated with chemotherapy and radiation to destroy as many of the remaining leukemia cells in their bone marrow as possible, and then the thawed stem cells are transfused back into the child. However, this method has a high recurrence discipline. Children with leukemia should pay attention to the following points during chemotherapy: Pay attention to personal hygiene and wash hands before and after meals to prevent diseases from entering the mouth when resistance is very low. Keep the bowels open and take a sitz bath after stool to keep the area clean if possible. For those who have hemorrhoids or constipation, medications for hemorrhoids or laxatives can be used routinely. Reduce contact with the outside world. Reduce unnecessary visits. If you are in a crowded environment or surrounded by patients with colds, wear a mask to reduce the chance of cross-infection. You should not put too many flowers in the patient’s room or ward, especially avoid putting flower pots, which can reduce the infection caused by mold spores and bacteria in flowers or soil. Try not to dig your ears or pick your teeth with hard objects to prevent local breakage and infection. Psychological care is essential to help children with leukemia “survive” the chemotherapy phase. Because leukemia is heavy and develops quickly, plus chemotherapy can often cause complications such as hair loss, numbness, weakness and fever, children are prone to pessimism and frustration, and some even lose confidence in treatment. It is important for parents to encourage and comfort their children to bravely “get through” this stage in order to reduce their psychological pain and help them recover from the disease. Some hospitals do not allow family members to accompany the child, which is not conducive to the maintenance of the child’s mental health, and even if the child gets through chemotherapy successfully, it will take a long time to repair the psychological trauma. Diet during treatment In the course of chemotherapy, the digestive system of children with leukemia often has many reactions, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and other symptoms, so you can take a small number of meals, or in addition to three meals, add some small, high-calorie, nutritious food. During the interval between chemotherapy treatments, encourage children to eat iron-rich and blood-supplementing and blood-generating foods, such as jujube, on a regular basis. Eat more vitamin-rich vegetables and fruits.