Cancer prevention is an issue of great concern and importance to scholars, governments and the general public in various countries. The World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research, based on a large number of scientific research results, have put forward 14 recommendations on diet and diet-related cancer prevention that are suitable for all over the world. Maintaining a reasonable diet and good lifestyle in daily life can reduce the incidence of cancer by 30% to 40% worldwide.
1. Reasonable dietary arrangement.
There should be sufficient nutrition in the diet, and the food should be diversified, mainly plant food, which should account for more than 2/3 of each meal. Plant foods should include more vegetables, fruits, beans and roughly processed cereals.
2. Weight control.
Avoid being too light or too heavy, and limit the weight increase to no more than 5 kg in adulthood. Because of overweight or excessive obesity, the risk of endometrial cancer, breast cancer, kidney cancer and intestinal cancer is very high.
3.Adhere to physical exercise.
If there is little activity or only light activity at work, you should do about 1 hour of brisk walking or similar amount of exercise every day. At least one hour of strenuous exercise outside every week is also required.
4.Eat more vegetables and fruits.
Insisting on eating 400-800 grams of various vegetables and fruits every day can reduce the risk of cancer by 20%, especially oral cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, esophageal cancer, lung cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer and rectal cancer, etc. Eat five or more kinds of vegetables and fruits every day.
5.Eat more starchy foods.
Eat 600-800 grams of various cereals, legumes and plant-based roots every day, and the less processed the food, the better. To limit the intake of refined sugar, food starch has a role in the prevention of colon and rectal cancer, while a high-fiber diet has the potential to prevent colon, rectal, breast and pancreatic cancer.
6.Drinking alcohol. It is recommended not to drink alcohol.
Even if you want to drink alcohol, limit men to no more than two glasses a day and women to no more than one glass (one glass of alcohol is equivalent to 250 ml of beer, 100 ml of fruit wine or 25 ml of white wine). Regular alcohol consumption can increase the risk of oral cancer, throat cancer, esophageal cancer, primary liver cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, and breast cancer.
7.Meat food.
If you like to eat meat, red meat intake should be less than 80 grams per day, and it is better to replace red meat with fish and poultry or game. Red meat can increase the risk of colon, rectal, pancreatic, kidney, prostate and breast cancer.
8. Fat.
Limit the intake of high-fat foods, especially animal fats. Choose appropriate vegetable oils and moderate the amount.
9. Eat less salt.
Limit the intake of pickled foods and control the use of cooking salt and seasoning salt. A high salt diet increases the risk of stomach cancer, and the World Health Organization recommends a daily salt intake of less than 6 grams per person.
10. Food storage.
Do not eat food that has existed at room temperature for too long and may be contaminated by fungal toxins.
11, the preservation of perishable food.
Preserve with refrigeration or other suitable methods.
12.Food additives and residues.
Food additives, contaminants and other residues have strict regulations, their presence is harmless, but the indiscriminate use or improper use will affect health.
13.Cooking methods.
Do not eat burnt food, grilled fish, grilled meat should be avoided when the gravy is burnt. Fish, meat and bacon grilled directly on the fire should only be consumed occasionally. It is best to boil, steam and stir-fry food.
14. Nutritional supplements.
Nutritional supplements are generally not necessary for those who follow this recommendation.
Dietary guidance for chemotherapy patients
Chemotherapy is one of the most common treatments for tumor patients. Its toxic side effects include loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, some patients with diarrhea, constipation and other intestinal disorders, impaired function of liver, gallbladder, pancreas and hematopoietic system. Patients show signs of sleepiness, lack of desire to eat and drink, vomiting after eating, pain and loss of confidence in chemotherapy. Dietary guidance is the key link to successfully complete chemotherapy on schedule.
Since chemotherapy drugs damage the digestive tract, liver and biliary system, the absorption function of fat, cholesterol and various nutrients decreases. Therefore, overly oily food should be avoided and food rich in high quality protein, vitamins and easy to digest should be supplied, such as dairy products, eggs, soy products, small amount of chicken, fish, lean beef, lean pork, fresh vegetables and fruits. It is best to use vegetable oil for cooking and try to cater to the patient’s taste.
Ensure that carbohydrates are supplied at every meal, and glucose, sugar and honey can be taken as appropriate to supplement energy. Use fresh fruit juice, watermelon juice, mung bean juice, etc. to promote the excretion of metabolic waste. For those who have constipation, eat more fresh vegetables, especially green leafy vegetables, and also consume rice soup with honey, honey water, etc. Frying foods and spicy condiments are prohibited. Those with liver insufficiency should also limit meat soup, fish soup, chicken soup, etc. to reduce the burden on the liver.
It is appropriate to consume less than 6g of salt per day. Small and frequent meals, 4 to 5 meals per day. During chemotherapy, in addition to strengthening nutrition, steamed lean pork with white fungus, jujube and barley congee with red beans, jujube and longan and wolfberry soup, stewed ribs with peanut rice, goose blood, chicken blood, duck blood soup, aconite, etc. can be used.
Dietary guidance for surgical oncology patients
Reasonable and appropriate diet will help surgical patients recover. The common types of diet for surgical patients are: general diet, soft diet, semi-liquid diet, liquid diet and nasal feeding diet.
Normal diet is the most common diet, generally patients can eat before and after surgery when they recover to normal, three meals a day, rice, steamed bread, noodles, eggs, lean pork and beef, chicken, fish, soybean products, dairy products, vegetables and fruits can be used.
Soft food is suitable for patients with poor digestion and poor absorption function, such as the old and weak, advanced liver cancer, and post-gastric cancer resection. It uses foods containing little fiber and condiments that are not strongly stimulating. 3 to 4 meals per day. Soft rice, thin rice, steamed buns, noodles, cakes, milk, wontons, steamed meat pies, steamed eggs, etc. are available.
Semi-liquid is suitable for patients after major surgery, the young, the old and less active. 4 to 5 meals per day. Available bread, milk, thin rice, steamed egg custard, juice, chaos, rotten noodles, etc.
Liquid is the common diet for patients with high fever, weakness, critical condition and poor digestive function. 6 to 7 meals per day. Every 2 to 3 hours, feed rice soup, milk, de-oiled chicken soup, bone broth, soy milk, soy milk, egg soup, diluted lotus root powder, etc.
Nasogastric diet is a meal in which food is injected or dripped through a nasogastric tube or a nasogastric tube or a gastrointestinal fistula. It is suitable for patients who still have digestive function, but cannot eat normally. It is given 6 to 8 times a day, 200 ml each time, 1000 to 1500 ml per day. The nasal diet must be specially prepared according to the principle of balanced diet or the finished meal must be chosen.
Dietary guidance for radiotherapy patients
According to statistics, about 70% of malignant tumor patients need radiotherapy, but radiotherapy will kill many normal cells indiscriminately while killing cancer cells. Therefore, patients will have various discomforts (radiation therapy reactions) during radiation therapy. Therefore, dietary management is crucial.
1, loss of appetite The most common patient is loss of appetite, anorexia, sluggish sense of taste, then we should patiently encourage patients to eat more. The diet should be nutritious, light and easy to digest. The patient’s sense of sight and smell should be mobilized to increase appetite, the patient’s usual favorite foods should be deployed, and the diet should be adopted in the form of small meals.
2.Dry mouth, sore throat, esophagitis These symptoms are the most common radiation therapy reactions of head and neck or chest tumor patients, which are caused by radiation damage to salivary glands and mucous membrane. The temperature of meals should not be too hot, meat should be finely chopped, and vegetables or fruits can be juiced if they cannot be swallowed. And delicious containing ice, eat a small amount of cold drinks, drink more yogurt. If the symptoms are severe, you can contain or swallow a small amount of nufcaine or lidocaine solution before meals, and then eat, the pain will be significantly reduced. You can also use the Chinese herbal medicine herbal cassia, raw licorice decoction as tea.
3.Nausea and vomiting When abdominal tumor radiotherapy is given, some patients will have these symptoms. Avoid protein foods and other foods that are not fresh or have strange smell. It is also delicious to contain fresh ginger slices, or use the Chinese herbal medicine Chen Pi, persimmon, bamboo rhizome decoction as tea, can reduce the gastrointestinal reaction.
4, bloating, diarrhea abdominal radiation therapy to stimulate the intestinal mucosa caused by intestinal peristalsis accelerated. At this time, it is appropriate to eat easily digestible, light, less greasy food, such as semi-fluid diet or less slag diet, avoid food containing more fiber and sticky, cold food.
5, constipation should be appropriate to increase activity, eat more fresh vegetables and fruits and other fiber-rich food, such as bananas, apples, sweet potatoes, etc.. Take a glass of honey water every night before going to bed, and if necessary, take the Chinese medicine maren lungi pills, or a small amount of liquid paraffin.
6.Urinary frequency, urinary urgency, urinary pain and hematuria This is a symptom of radioactive cystitis, which often occurs during or after radiation therapy for pelvic tumors such as bladder cancer, prostate cancer and cervical cancer. At this time, patients should drink more water and urinate more often, plus take baking soda to make the urine alkaline.
7.Decrease of blood image Because radiation therapy can cause bone marrow suppression, which is manifested by the decrease of white blood cells and platelets. In order to prevent the decline of blood image caused by bone marrow suppression, we should pay attention to strengthen nutrition, eat more “flesh and blood products”, such as chicken, duck, fish, meat, etc., should be boiled, stewed, steamed and other methods of cooking. You can also choose foods containing more iron such as animal liver, loin, heart, lean meat, egg yolk, vegetables such as spinach, celery, mushrooms, fruits such as apricots, peaches, plums, raisins, red dates, pineapples, prunes, oranges, tangerines, grapefruit, figs, etc. You can also use stewed oyster chicken and peanut coats to replenish blood.