Atrial septal defects in congenital heart disease have a chance of returning to normal heart size after surgery if detected and treated early; if left untreated for a long period of time, it is usually difficult to recover. Atrial septal defects are caused by abnormalities in the development of the primitive atrial septum and are one of the most common congenital heart defects. If detected in early childhood and treated promptly, the heart may recover after surgery. If it is not detected in early childhood and the atrial septal defect is large or untreated, the heart may become uncompensated in the long term due to the impact of blood flow dynamics, such as a “pear-shaped heart”, which is difficult to recover from, even after surgery. The earlier the atrial septal defect is repaired, the better, long-term untreated may induce heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, and even sudden death. It is recommended that patients actively seek medical treatment and standardize treatment.