1. Calcium-containing stones.
They are mainly composed of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate and account for 80% of all stones. They have a brown mulberry or crystalline appearance and are clearly visible on X-rays. Calcium stones are very hard ( +++ ) and are usually formed in neutral urine.
Prevention of calcium-containing urinary calculi.
Oxalate stones: foods with high oxalic acid content such as strong tea, coffee, spinach, pickles, bamboo shoots, strawberries, parsley, potatoes, green fava beans, etc. should be avoided. Milk, corn, whole grains, wheat, etc. can be consumed;
Calcium phosphate: low meat protein diet, daily intake should be limited to 150g; low sodium diet, less than 2g per day; avoid pumpkin seeds, coffee, strong tea
Normal range or appropriate level of high calcium diet can reduce the excretion of oxalic acid in the urine, consume more dairy products (milk, cheese, yogurt, etc.), tofu and small fish and other foods;
Rafters can inhibit the aggregation and growth of crystals and prevent the formation of stones, and patients are encouraged to eat more foods rich in rafters, such as citrus, grapes and grapefruit;
Vitamin C can generate oxalic acid after natural transformation. Patients with recurrent calcium oxalate stones are advised to avoid high doses of vitamin C;
Weight loss ;
2. Infected stones.
The main component is magnesium phosphate amine, accounting for 10% of all stones, the appearance of gray-white antler-shaped, the X-ray image is lighter. Infected stones are much less hard than calcium-containing stones ( + ), and are generally formed in alkaline urine.
Prevention of infected stones.
A low calcium and low phosphorus diet is recommended;
Recommend the use of antibiotics for the treatment of infections according to drug sensitivity tests. Emphasize the need for an adequate course of anti-infective therapy. If bacteria are found again or the patient has symptoms of urinary tract infection, restore the medication to therapeutic doses to better control the infection;
Acidification of urine can improve the solubility of phosphate, taking vinegar.
3, uric acid stones.
The main component is uric acid, which accounts for 10% of all stones and has a brownish-red or golden-yellow appearance. Uric acid stones are hard ( ++ ) and usually form in acidic urine.
Prevention of uric acid stones.
Avoid excessive consumption of purine-rich foods such as poultry, meat, crustaceans, lentils, fish, black tea, cocoa, coffee and alcohol; limit meat and fish to no more than 100 g per day.
Avoid eating too much seafood such as sea cucumber, sea fish, seaweed, sea vegetables and other seafood, cauliflower and animal offal; see my other article “Reference for patients with uric acid stones: List of purine content in food”.
Alkalinize urine: maintain urine pH between 6.5 and 6.8, you can give sodium bicarbonate 1.0 g, 3 times/d ;
Reduction of uric acid formation: For increased blood uric acid or uric acid, take 300 mg/d of allopurinol orally.
4. Cystine stones.
The main component is cystine, which accounts for 1% of all stones, and is yellow and waxy in appearance. Cystine stones are hard ( ++ ) and form in acidic urine.
Prevention of cystine stones.
Take care to drink plenty of water to increase the solubility of cystine and ensure that the daily urine volume is above 3000 ml ;
Alkalinize the urine ;
Reduce methionine in the diet .