Urethral granuloma, also known as urethral granuloma, is a benign polyp-like tissue at the external orifice of the female urethra, mostly caused by local chronic inflammation, injury, submucosal varicose veins and prolapsed urethral mucosa ectopia. Etiology: The etiology of urethral caruncle is not well understood, but it is generally believed that it may be related to local injury and long-term stimulation of chronic inflammation. Pathological changes: Urethral caruncles can be tipped or broad-based, bright red in color, smooth or wrinkled on the surface, soft and brittle, and easily damaged and cause bleeding. Urethral caruncles are usually not very large, about 0.5 to 1 cm in size, most of them grow inside the urethral orifice, a few can protrude outside the urethral orifice, and can also involve the periphery of the external urethral orifice. Microscopically, the urethral caruncle is composed of epithelial, vascular and granulation tissue, and can be divided into three pathological types: papilloma type with epithelial hyperplasia, angioma type with vascular hyperplasia, and granuloma type with granulomatous hyperplasia. Urethral sarcomas rarely undergo malignant transformation. Clinical symptoms: Urethral caruncles are most often seen in women over middle age, and many patients can be completely asymptomatic. Some show local burning pain, often aggravated by urination, walking, sexual intercourse or clothing friction; other patients can have a small amount of bleeding due to local injury or infection. In a few patients, the pain can be so severe that it causes urinary retention due to fear of urination. Differential diagnosis: 1. Burning pain at the external urethra. The pain increases during urination, walking and rubbing of clothes and pants, and sometimes bleeding can occur. 2.Purple, brittle, soft, bleeding granuloma-like swelling is seen at the external urethra. The diagnosis is generally clear by visual examination, but sometimes the urethral meatus is not easily distinguished from early cancer, so the surgically removed specimen should be sent to pathology. Treatment: 1. Local excision or electrocautery of the caruncle is performed. 2.A small amount of estrogen can be applied locally for those who do not want surgery. 3, asymptomatic people do not need to be treated, but symptomatic people should be treated surgically. The preferred method is to completely remove the caruncle and suture the defective mucosa. Local electrocautery is often incomplete and prone to recurrence, and is rarely used. A catheter can be left in place for 24 to 48 hours after removal of the urethral meatus, and after removal, the patient can urinate on his own.