Many patients with epilepsy can be relieved by medical medication, but some patients do need surgery. What kind of patients need surgery to treat epilepsy: 1. Refractory epilepsy, when systemic antiepileptic drug therapy is ineffective or when severe drug toxicity reactions occur. The so-called refractory epilepsy means that after more than 2 years of regular antiepileptic drug treatment (single drug or combined drug) at tolerable doses of antiepileptic drugs, there is still one seizure per month that affects the patient’s life and work, which means that the criteria for refractory epilepsy are met and surgery is needed. 2. Seizures have significantly affected the patient’s quality of life. 3. Comprehensive assessment suggests that the epileptogenic region is focal and removal of the site will not lead to severe functional impairment. 4. Surgery should also be considered for children and infants with frequent seizures to stop the effects of epilepsy on brain development. Contraindications to surgery: 1. Idiopathic epilepsy with a clear family history of epilepsy 2. Patients with epilepsy combined with chronic psychiatric disorders, and patients with an IQ below 70 are considered unsuitable for surgery. Patients with epileptic foci involving mainly speech, motor, or sensory areas are considered unsuitable for surgery, but surgery may be considered for newborns, infants, and patients with preoperative hemiplegia or aphasia.