Diet
I. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) – Recommendations for adults who can benefit from LDL-C reduction
Dietary structure emphasizes the intake of vegetables, fruits, and coarse grains, and the need to include low-fat dairy products, poultry, fish, legumes, non-tropical vegetable oils, and nuts, while also limiting the intake of sweets, sugary beverages, and red meat.
(1) This dietary structure should be appropriate to individual and cultural food preferences and the nutritional treatment needs of other diseases (including diabetes) to achieve appropriate caloric requirements.
(2) The above dietary structure can be achieved through programs such as the DASH dietary structure, USDA food structure or AHA diet.
(2) The target value of saturated fat energy supply in the dietary structure is 5% to 6%. [NHLBI classification: A (strong); ACC/AHA: Class I recommendation, Level A evidence].
3. Reduce the percentage of energy supplied by saturated fat. [NHLBI classification: A (strong); ACC/AHA: Class I recommendation, Level A evidence].
4. Reduce the percentage of energy supplied by trans fats. [NHLBI classification: A (strong); ACC/AHA: Class I recommendation, Level A evidence].
II. Blood pressure – recommendations for adults who can benefit from antihypertensive therapy
1. The dietary structure emphasizes the intake of vegetables, fruits and coarse grains and needs to include low-fat dairy products, poultry, fish, legumes, non-tropical vegetable oils and nuts, while also limiting the intake of sweets, sugary drinks and red meat.
(1) This dietary structure should be appropriate to individual and cultural food preferences and the nutritional treatment needs of other diseases (including diabetes) to achieve appropriate caloric requirements.
(2) The above dietary structure can be achieved through programs such as the DASH dietary structure, USDA food structure, or AHA diet. [NHLBI classification: A (strong); ACC/AHA: Class I recommendation, Level A evidence].
2. Reduce sodium intake. [NHLBI classification: A (strong); ACC/AHA: Class I recommendation, Level A evidence].
(1) Sodium intake should not exceed 2400 mg/d.
(2) If possible, further reduce sodium intake to 1500 mg/d, which will lower blood pressure more significantly.
(3) Even if daily sodium intake does not reach the target level, reducing sodium intake by at least 1000 mg/d may lower blood pressure. [NHLBI classification: B (medium); ACC/AHA: Class IIa recommendation, Level B evidence].
3. Combined DASH dietary structure with reduced sodium intake. [NHLBI classification: A (strong); ACC/AHA: Class I recommendation, Level A evidence].
Exercise Episode
Blood lipids
In general, active aerobic exercise is recommended for adults to reduce LDL-C and non-HDL-C levels: 3 to 4 times per week for an average duration of 40 minutes each time, choosing moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity. [NHLBI classification: B (medium); ACC/AHA: Class IIa recommendation, Level A evidence].
Blood pressure
In general, active aerobic exercise is recommended for adults to lower blood pressure: 3 to 4 times per week, each time lasting an average of 40 minutes, with moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity selected. [NHLBI classification: B (medium); ACC/AHA: Class IIa recommendation, Level A evidence].