The number of patients with limb disability due to accidental injury or disease is increasing, and the phenomenon of phantom limb pain (PLP), which is one of the major complications after amputation, continues to attract attention. Phantom limb pain refers to the subjective sensation that the amputated limb is still present with varying degrees of pain, with an incidence of about 50% to 80%. Phantom limb pain mostly occurs at the distal end of the amputated limb. There is no difference in the proportion of men and women, and most phantom limb pain is combined with residual limb pain. The presence of phantom limb pain affects the patient’s daily activities and ability to work to varying degrees, and even causes varying degrees of anxiety and depression. The pathological mechanism of phantom limb pain is complex and not yet fully understood, but it is more often considered to be a neuropathic pain, or a central pain. Clinical trials have demonstrated that phantom limb pain may be related to changes in various aspects of sensory afferents, including peripheral and central mechanisms (peripheral receptors, sensory afferent fibers, spinal conduction pathways, thalamus, and cortex), and that phantom limb pain is closely related to the psychological factors of patients. The first episode of phantom limb pain is usually early after amputation, and pain usually appears within a week or a few weeks after amputation, or months or years later. Some studies have shown that phantom limb pain can occur as early as a few days after amputation. The two peak episodes of phantom limb pain are within 1 month and 1 year after amputation. The main manifestations of phantom limb pain are hallucinations and phantom pain. Phantom sensation is a sensation of a lost limb. Patients may experience abnormal muscle movements, such as feeling that the limb is not in its normal position, and often perceive changes in limb length, size, and temperature. For most patients, phantom pain will subside over time, but some patients exhibit persistent pain that can interfere with daily life. The intensity and frequency of phantom pain is very variable and is often described as a typical neuropathic pain symptom with varying degrees and nature of pain. The pain may vary in intensity and frequency, and is usually described as typical neuralgia with varying degrees of pain, including cutting pain, pins and needles pain, and later pulsating pain, burning pain, pins and needles pain, drilling pain, pressure, tonicity, itching, etc., accompanied by hot and cold changes in the skin of the residual limb and abnormal muscle tone at the truncated end. The pain may be paroxysmal, quiet or nocturnal, and may be triggered or aggravated by changes in mental status, weather, exertion, or other illnesses. The duration of pain can be seconds or hours. The choice of treatment for phantom limb pain depends largely on the level of research into the pathogenesis of the disease and the nature of its lesions. The treatment is divided into pharmacological and aggressive therapies. Pharmacotherapy: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, sodium channel blockers, calcitonin, NMDA receptor antagonists, opioids, tramadol, lidocaine, mexilate, injections of inflammatory rabbit skin extracts from cowpox vaccine, etc. Drugs that have proven to be effective in phantom limb pain include: amitriptyline, gabapentin, tramadol, and morphine. Invasive therapies: nerve blocks, invasive neuromodulation and destructive surgery. Nerve blocks are used for phantom limb pain, stellate ganglion blocks for upper limb phantom limb pain, and lumbar sympathetic blocks for lower limb phantom limb pain. Invasive neuromodulation is the last resort for patients who have failed to respond to non-invasive therapies such as spinal cord stimulation (SCS), deep brain stimulation (DBS), and motor cortical stimulation (MCS). Destructive surgery is indicated for patients with intractable chronic pain who have failed to respond to non-invasive therapies, and includes radiculectomy, spinal rhizotomy, thalamotomy, and destruction of the dorsal root nerve entry zone. Most of these procedures result in permanent damage to neural tissue and function. The early pain relief rate of disruptive surgery is high, but complications and recurrence rates are high, so its indications are limited to a small number of patients with severe, intractable pain and a short life expectancy. Although the treatment of phantom limb pain is difficult, with the continuous research on the pathological mechanism and the improvement of the treatment techniques and tools, it will provide a broader prospect to solve this medical problem.