What are the clinical features of bone metastases?

Bone metastatic cancer is more common in middle-aged and old-aged people, and there are more men than women. Primary cancer is often detected after metastatic cancer has been diagnosed, and some patients have a history of tumor surgery in early years. Sometimes the primary tumor is so hidden that bone metastasis may be the only clinical manifestation, and even the primary tumor cannot be detected by various examinations. Bone metastatic tumors occur in the spine, pelvis and upper and lower limbs near the joints. Spine is the part with the highest incidence of metastatic cancer, and pain is often the main symptom. Once spinal cord and nerve root compression occurs, there will be numbness, pain, muscle weakness of limbs, difficulty in walking, and even dysfunction of urination and defecation. The incidence of metastatic cancer in pelvis and sacrum area is also very high, due to the surrounding adjoining important organs, the tumor may lead to many complications, in addition, the difficulty and risk of surgery in this area is very high, preoperative evaluation and design of surgical plan are crucial. Generally, the symptoms of long bone metastatic cancer of limbs are not very obvious, so many times it is easy to misdiagnose and mistreat, mostly treated according to joint aging and degeneration, once pathological fracture patients’ quality of life is seriously impaired, the treatment is much more complicated than that of patients with no fracture, and the effect is not ideal. The common clinical manifestations of bone metastases include: pain, pathological fracture, hypercalcemia, nerve compression symptoms, and in the late stage, there are late manifestations of malignant tumors such as dysphoria, lethargy, fatigue, anemia and low fever. Bone metastasis of breast cancer is the highest, which can be as high as 65%-75%, which is related to the good prognosis of breast cancer, even if the bone metastasis of breast cancer is found, the patient can still survive for a long time, we have treated a case of sacral metastasis of breast cancer after primary cancer surgery, and there is no local recurrence and systemic metastasis in the patient in 4 years’ follow up after the surgery, so the patients with breast cancer should be taken a relatively positive Thus, a relatively aggressive treatment strategy should be adopted for breast cancer patients. Similar to breast cancer, prostate cancer patients also have a high incidence of bone metastasis, and prostate-specific antigen PSA is an important clinical parameter. When PSA is >20ug/L, whole-body bone scanning should be routinely performed for timely treatment. The incidence of bone metastasis of lung cancer is also high, and the statistics of our hospital in recent years found that the primary tumor with the highest incidence of bone metastasis is lung cancer, and the site of spine, especially thoracic vertebrae, is the most common. The prognosis of patients is poor, and the survival period of most patients is only about 1 year. Most patients have a survival period of about 1 year. Kidney cancer has a bone metastasis rate as high as 25%. Thyroid cancer is also considered to be an osteophilic tumor, and the incidence of pathological fracture is very high, and prophylactic internal fixation can effectively prevent the occurrence of fracture. The most common bone metastatic cancer in children is neuroblastoma. Tumors of the digestive system such as esophageal, gastric, colorectal, liver, and pancreatic cancers are less likely to develop bone metastases. The prognosis is poor if the following conditions are found: 1. Highly malignant tumors such as lung cancer and liver cancer. 2, The time between diagnosis of the primary tumor and the occurrence of bone metastasis is very short. 3, Presence of visceral metastasis. 4, Multiple bone metastases.