Ventricular septal defect has the highest incidence of all congenital heart diseases, accounting for more than 30% of all cardiac malformations; moreover, ventricular septal defect is one of the few cardiac malformations in which the patient(ren)’s heart function can reach normal levels after cure. Therefore, timely and correct diagnosis and treatment of ventricular septal defects will benefit many children (patients) for life. The main hazards of ventricular septal defect to the affected child(ren) are mainly manifested in the following aspects: (1) poor feeding of the affected child(ren), which affects development, especially in infants with huge ventricular defects, the cause of which is mainly related to the increased volume load of the heart, leading to congestive heart failure in severe cases; (2) high susceptibility to respiratory infections, manifested by recurrent inflammation of the respiratory tract and lungs, resulting in non-stop medication and hospitalization, which is directly related to the child’s congestion due to the lungs; (3) in children with large ventricular septal defects, there is much pulmonary blood, resulting in constriction of the small pulmonary arteries and increased pulmonary vascular resistance (pulmonary hypertension), and when moderate to severe pulmonary hypertension is present, the risk of surgery is greatly increased and the postoperative pulmonary artery pressure does not always drop to normal. When the resistance of the pulmonary circulation approaches or exceeds that of the body circulation, the patient develops cyanosis, which is medically known as Eisenmenger’s Syndrome, at which point the child (person) has no chance of surgery; (4) Because ventricular septal defect can lead to enlargement of the heart, the latter causes incomplete closure of the heart valves, which can especially lead to (4) Because ventricular septal defect can lead to enlargement of the heart, the latter leads to heart valve insufficiency, especially tricuspid valve, mitral valve and even aortic valve insufficiency, which will further increase the burden on the heart and greatly increase the complexity and risk of surgery; (5) Ventricular septal defect can easily lead to infective endocarditis, which has serious consequences, complicated treatment and high cost, mainly related to the local endocardial damage and turbulence caused by the high-speed movement of blood flow across the septal septum; (6) Patients will encounter great problems when they go to school, employment and join the military (6) Patients will encounter great trouble when they go to school, employment, or join the military, because ventricular septal defects are combined with heart murmurs, leading to being considered as heart patients. What are the treatment strategies for ventricular septal defects? It depends on the location and size of the ventricular septal defect: (1) small ventricular defects (<5 mm), especially in the perimembranous region, which cause a small fractional flow with minimal cardiac and pulmonary vascular effects and the possibility of natural closure, but this possibility decreases significantly after 5 years of age. However, there is still the nuisance of a heart murmur and the possibility of causing infective endocarditis. (2) Sub-stem ventricular septal defects, which are not self-healing no matter how small the diameter, and are prone to aortic valve prolapse and aortic valve insufficiency, require early surgery. (3) Moderate ventricular defects (5-9 mm), which do not cause immediate heart failure and pulmonary vasculopathy and may be asymptomatic but may affect the child's physical development. Most of these ventricular septal defects are required to be completed at the age of 3-5 years. (4) Large defects (>10 mm), or combined heart failure, or combined moderate pulmonary hypertension or more, or combined valve closure insufficiency, or combined multiple ventricular septal defects, or combined arteriovenous ductus arteriosus, etc., require that patients should undergo ventricular septal defect repair surgery as early as possible, regardless of their age. (5) Regarding the surgical method: the mature technique is the septal defect patch repair method (patch materials include autologous pericardium, polyester sheet, bovine pericardium, etc.), which has very low surgical complications and mortality. In addition, in recent years, there is an interventional method to treat ventricular septal defect, but it is not applicable to all ventricular septal defects. This method requires high anatomical conditions of the ventricular defect, and the incidence of serious complications is higher than that of surgical repair (such as detachment of blocker, residual shunt, severe AV block, valve closure insufficiency, thrombosis, affecting septal motion, etc.), so it cannot be recommended as a common method for treating ventricular septal defect at present. Therefore, it is not recommended as a common treatment for ventricular septal defect. The above is the general principle of surgical treatment of ventricular septal defect, but the timing of surgery should take into account the local situation because of the different conditions and technical level of each hospital, and generally speaking, the younger the child, the greater the risk of surgery. Therefore, both doctors and parents should weigh the increased risk of surgery due to the small size of the child and the negative consequences of delayed surgery and choose the right time for surgery.