1.Viral enteritis
Viral enteritis is seen in enteritis caused by canine distemper virus, canine microvirus, and canine and feline coronavirus.
Among viral enteritis, rotavirus is the main cause of diarrhea in infants and young children, while norovirus is the main cause of epidemic viral gastroenteritis in adults and older children.
2, Bacterial enteritis
Bacterial enteritis is seen in enteritis caused by Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Yersinia (causing small intestinal colitis), hair-like bacterium producing bacilli, Campylobacter jejuni, and Clostridium (canine hemorrhagic gastroenteritis).
Bacterial enteritis of the causative agent to dysentery bacilli most common, followed by Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella.
3, fungal enteritis
Fungal enteritis see histoplasma, algae, Aspergillus, Candida albicans and other causes of enteritis.
Fungal enteritis caused by Candida albicans is the most.
4, parasitic enteritis
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Parasitic intestinal inflammation caused by amoeba in the lysis tissue is more common.
5.Enteritis caused by diet
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6.Enteritis caused by antibiotics
Misuse of antibiotics, resulting in intestinal flora imbalance, or the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria caused by enteritis.
Clinical manifestations
1, acute enteritis
In China, the incidence is higher in summer and autumn, without gender differences, and the general incubation period is 12 to 36 hours. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea are the main symptoms of acute enteritis.
2. Chronic enteritis
Clinical manifestations are long-term chronic, or recurrent episodes of abdominal pain, diarrhea and indigestion, etc. Heavy cases may have mucus stools or watery stools.
The degree of diarrhea varies, the lighter 3 to 4 bowel movements per day, or alternating diarrhea and constipation; the heavier once every 1 to 2 hours, and even fecal incontinence. Some patients may have nocturnal diarrhea and/or postprandial diarrhea. If the rectum is severely involved, there may be a feeling of urgency and heaviness. The stool is mostly pasty, mixed with large amounts of mucus, often with pus and blood.
Some patients have fresh blood in the stool, and the lesion is limited to the rectum, which is called hemorrhagic proctitis. Patients with proctitis also often pass mucus and blood in their stools, and even experience fecal incontinence. If the lesion extends above the rectum, blood is often mixed with feces or bloody diarrhea occurs.
On examination, mild pressure pain around the umbilicus or lower abdomen, hyperactive bowel sounds, and prolapse can be seen.
Examination
1.Barium X-ray examination
Barium examination is generally not recommended in the acute stage. Special attention is paid to the possibility of inducing intestinal dilatation and perforation in severe ulcerative colitis when making barium enema. Barium enema has important value for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of this disease. Barium enema can be performed during clinical quiescence to determine the proximal colon lesion, and barium meal examination of the whole gastrointestinal tract is recommended to exclude clonorchiasis.
2.Endoscopy
Most of the lesions are in the rectum and sigmoid colon, so sigmoidoscopy is valuable, and for patients with chronic or suspected total colon, whole colonoscopy is appropriate. Clean enemas are generally not performed, and should be contraindicated in heavy patients in the acute phase to prevent perforation.
Diagnosis
It varies depending on the pathogen. Generally, the initial diagnosis should be based on the medical history and clinical manifestations. Further diagnosis depends on laboratory tests. Bacterial enteritis can be diagnosed with vomit and stool cultures to obtain pathogenic bacteria. Some pathogens, such as Salmonella infection, can be cultured in blood. Viral enteritis can be examined by electron microscopy, immunoelectron microscopy, immunofluorescence and serological tests such as complement binding test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoassay for antigens and antibodies to viruses. Parasitic enteritis can be examined directly by microscopy to look for pathogens and their eggs. Fungal enteritis can be examined by direct smear from the stool and fungal examination under the microscope or fecal culture.
Complications
Complications vary depending on the cause of the inflammatory bowel disease. Major complications include bleeding, perforation, toxic bowel dilatation, polyp growth or cancer.
Treatment
1. Pathogenic treatment
Viral enteritis generally does not require pathogenic treatment and can heal on its own. Bacterial enteritis, it is best to choose antibacterial drugs according to the results of bacterial drug sensitivity test. When suffering from bacterial dysentery, due to dysentery bacillus on the commonly used antibacterial drugs widely resistant, generally can be used compound sulfamethoxazole (cotrimoxazole), pyrimethamine, gentamicin, butylamine kanamycin, etc.. Campylobacter jejuni enteritis can be treated with erythromycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, etc. Yersinia pestis enterocolitis is usually treated with gentamicin, kanamycin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol. Salmonella enteritis light patients can be used without antibacterial drugs, heavy patients can be used chloramphenicol or compound sulfamethoxazole. Invasive Escherichia coli enteritis can be treated with neomycin, mucomycin and gentamicin, etc., and good results can be obtained. Enteritis caused by amoebic dysentery, Yarrowia and trichomonas can be treated with metronidazole (methotrexate). Schistosomiasis can be treated with praziquantel. Candida albicans enteritis is better treated with mycoplasma orally. With systemic fungal infection, it is necessary to apply diphtheria B treatment.
2.Symptomatic treatment
Replenish fluids and correct electrolytes and acidosis. For mild dehydration and vomiting, oral rehydration fluid can be given. The WHO recommended oral fluid formula is sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, potassium chloride, glucose or sucrose, plus water. If dehydration or vomiting is severe, saline, isotonic sodium bicarbonate and potassium chloride solutions, and glucose can be administered intravenously.
Reduce intestinal motility and secretory drugs. Atropine, belladonna, and prulbenecid may be applied in small amounts to reduce intestinal peristalsis, which may relieve pain and diarrhea. Chlorpromazine can also be applied, which has a sedative effect and can inhibit the overproduction of intestinal mucosa caused by enterotoxins, resulting in a decrease in the number and volume of stools.
Prognosis
Acute enteritis generally has a good prognosis. Chronic enteritis has a good prognosis with timely and appropriate treatment.
Prevention
It is important to strengthen exercise and physical fitness. Do not eat meat and offal from sick or dead livestock. Meat, poultry, eggs, etc. should be cooked before consumption. Do not eat spoiled food, do not drink raw water, raw fruits and vegetables should be scalded, to develop a good habit of washing hands before and after meals. Strengthen food hygiene management, spoiled and salmonella-contaminated food is not allowed to be sold. Pay careful attention to food production hygiene, to prevent food contamination. Do a good job of water protection, drinking water management and disinfection.