Esophageal cancer is a common malignant tumor in clinic, and the patients of esophageal cancer in China account for most of the patients in the world, and there are obvious geographical differences. The principle of esophageal cancer treatment is a comprehensive treatment mainly based on surgical treatment, and surgery is the first choice of esophageal cancer treatment. In 1913, the first esophagectomy for esophageal cancer in the world was successfully performed, and the first esophageal cancer surgery in China was completed by Prof. Wu Yingkai in 1940. After years of development, the surgical treatment of esophageal cancer has continued to progress and achieved better clinical results in terms of surgical resection rate, surgical complications or mortality rate. According to the statistical data, the overall surgical resection rate of esophageal cancer is 91.3%, and the overall 5-year survival rate is 31.6%. Nowadays, with the advancement of technology, the surgical treatment of esophageal cancer is constantly making new progress.