Hematologic disorders are diseases that occur in the blood, bone marrow, spleen and lymph nodes. They often manifest as qualitative or quantitative changes in peripheral blood erythrocytes, white blood cells and platelets. Those with predominantly red blood cell changes are often referred to as anemia or erythrocytosis. Those with predominantly leukocyte changes are leukemia and granulocytopenia/deficiency, while thrombocytopenia or dysfunction is called thrombocytopenic purpura. Bleeding due to abnormal platelets and plasma clotting factors is often referred to as a bleeding disorder. The main early signs of blood disorders are: 1. Anemia Anemia is a decrease in red blood cells and hemoglobin in the blood. Common causes include: bone marrow hematopoietic dysfunction, such as aplastic anemia, leukemia, multiple myeloma, lymphoma, malignant tumor bone marrow metastasis, etc.; lack of hematopoietic raw materials, such as iron deficiency anemia, malnutrition anemia; excessive cell destruction such as hemolytic anemia; excessive loss such as excessive menstruation in women, chronic blood loss in digestive tract or traumatic hemorrhage, etc. The main manifestations of anemia include pallor, shortness of breath and dizziness and tinnitus. Some patients often mistake heart palpitations for heart disease, some go to the quintuplegia department because of tinnitus, and some treat it as a neurological disease because of dizziness, insomnia and memory loss, when a routine blood test would reveal that it is anemia. 2, erythrocytosis Erythrocytosis is the increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood, the normal value of (3.5-5.5) x1012/L, when the red blood cells increase up to (6-10) x1012/L, hemoglobin up to 170-240g/L. Common causes are: true erythrocytosis, secondary erythrocytosis (such as plateau residence, lung disease, cyanotic congenital heart disease , renal lesions, various tumors, etc.), and relative erythrocytosis (e.g., severe dehydration, burns, etc.). The main manifestations of erythrocytosis are: significant red and purple skin and mucous membranes, especially the cheeks, lips, tongue, ears, nasal tip and end of limbs, and conjunctival congestion. At this time, if you do a routine blood test, you will find an increase in red blood cells. 3.Bleeding Patients with blood disorders can easily bleed when blood vessels are damaged due to a decrease in platelets or abnormal function and a lack of clotting factors in the plasma. In mild cases, there is bleeding from the nose or gums in the early stage, and in severe cases, there will be large blue-purple bruises on the skin, vomiting blood or blood in the stool, and their to death due to brain bleeding. A decrease in the number of platelets can be seen in routine blood tests. The life span of red blood cells is about 120 days. Due to certain factors, red blood cells are easily destroyed and their life span is shortened, resulting in hemolytic anemia and jaundice. This is because the hemoglobin released by the destruction of red blood cells is metabolized by decomposition to produce too much bilirubin, which increases the bilirubin level in the patient’s blood, resulting in yellowing of the skin and sclera. Therefore, when someone develops jaundice, it is important not only to think of liver disease, but also to consider whether they have a blood disorder. Patients with hemolytic anemia may also have symptoms such as back pain and darkening of the urine to a paste or wine color. The diagnosis can be confirmed in time through blood tests and the prognosis is good. 5. Fever and infection The decrease in white blood cells or abnormal quality can lead to a decrease in the body’s resistance and easy co-infection, and fever is often present when infection occurs. In patients with blood diseases, especially malignant blood diseases (such as leukemia, malignant lymphoma, etc.), fever is a more common symptom. If the blood routine suggests a decrease in white blood cells, or if the fever is prolonged and anti-infective drugs are not effective, further bone marrow imaging must be done to clarify the diagnosis. 6.White blood cell count increase or decrease White blood cell count increase is often secondary, mainly refers to neutrophilia. It refers to peripheral blood neutrophil count greater than 7.5×109/L in children older than 1 month and greater than 26×109/L in infants younger than 1 month. Among blood diseases, myeloproliferative disorders, acute and chronic leukemia, etc. can have neutrophilia as the main manifestation, and many non-hematologic malignancies are often accompanied by neutrophilia. Many non-hematologic malignancies are also associated with neutrophilia. Patients with neutropenic cancers have a high mortality rate. Some hematologic diseases have leukopenia as the initial manifestation, which also requires vigilance! 7. Enlarged liver, spleen and lymph nodes Many blood disorders can cause enlargement of liver, spleen and lymph nodes, such as acute and chronic leukemia, lymphoma, etc. Lymph node enlargement is most obvious in the early stage in the bilateral neck and is easy to detect, but it is often misdiagnosed as lymphatic tuberculosis or inflammation. Enlarged liver and spleen and palpable masses in the subcostal angle of the upper abdomen are easily misdiagnosed as tumors or ribs. For example, the early manifestation of chronic granulocytic leukemia is splenomegaly, which is often detected by doctors only during occasional physical examinations, and some of them have delayed the opportunity of early treatment. 8. Low back pain Can be seen in patients with multiple myeloma, so most patients are older and can easily be mistaken for lumbar spine disease, which needs attention.