The last two decades have seen encouraging advances in the surgical treatment of spinal tumors. enneking skeletal muscle system tumor staging? was successfully introduced into the surgical treatment of spinal tumors, and the technique of En bloc resection of tumors (En bloc resection) has been increasingly used in spinal tumor surgery. Many scholars have made outstanding contributions to spinal tumor surgery by accumulating and summarizing while making bold innovations. Among them, the WBB surgical staging system (Weinstein-Boriani-Biagini surgical staging system) has been established after continuous improvement. The WBB surgical staging system (Weinstein-Boriani-Biagini surgical staging system) has been refined to provide the basis not only for the surgical design of whole spine tumor resections, but more importantly, to emphasize the importance of Enneking staging and proper surgical boundaries in the surgical resection of spinal tumors. In the past, the concept of tumor surgical border was widely used in the surgical treatment of extremity bone and soft tissue tumors, while it was often neglected in spine tumor surgery. I. Whole block resection of spinal tumor. The whole block resection refers to cutting off the tumor tissue in one block instead of dividing it into multiple blocks. The term “spondylectomy” can only indicate that the scope of resection includes the whole diseased spine, but not whether the whole resection is used. According to the surgical requirements of the Enneking stage of bone and soft tissue tumors, whole-block resection is applicable to benign tumors in stage S3 and malignant tumors in stages I and II. Currently, limb-preserving surgery has become the mainstream of surgical treatment for bone tumors of extremities, and whole-block resection is a necessary means of tumor removal in limb-preserving surgery. However, block resection has only been applied to spinal tumor surgery in recent years because the special anatomy of the spine makes the application of this technique difficult. The anterior spine is adjacent to large blood vessels and vital organs, the central spine houses the spinal cord and its emanating nerve roots, and the vertebral artery on the lateral side of the cervical spine, and these important structures pose a high risk for spinal tumor resection. The difficulty and risk of spinal tumor resection is much higher than that of limb bone tumor surgery because of the need to maintain the integrity of tumor tissues without sacrificing important structures. The first application of the block resection technique in spinal tumor surgery dates back to the 1960s, when Lièvre et al. first used it in a staged resection of a lumbar spinal giant cell tumor. This was followed by a case report by Stener in 1971 detailing the surgical operation and postoperative outcome of combined anterior and posterior whole-block resection of thoracic spine tumors, and a report by Roy-Camille in 1981 describing three cases of purely posterior whole-block resection of thoracic spine tumors with specific descriptions of the surgical approach. The 1990s was a period of further development and maturation of the technique of whole-block resection of spinal tumors. During this period, Tomita et al. proposed the posterior approach for total en bloc spondylectomy (TES) of thoracolumbar tumors. This technique was performed by using a Threadwire saw (T-saw) to disconnect the diseased vertebrae from the pedicle, and then cut the vertebrae above and below the diseased vertebrae, thus dividing the entire diseased vertebrae into two pieces for resection. Since then, the wire saw has been used more frequently as a convenient tool for spinal tumor resection. During the same period, the WBB surgical staging system, one of the hallmarks of maturing spinal tumor surgery, was also refined. Weistein first proposed the idea of staging spinal tumors in 1989. This staging scheme was later modified and refined by Boriani and Biagini based on clinical experience at the Rizzoli Institute in Italy, resulting in the WBB surgical staging system that is known to spine tumor surgeons today. This system of dividing the spine into dials from the cross-sectional plane is the basis for rational design of a whole-block resection plan for spinal tumors. In an article published in 1997, Boriani [4] detailed the three classic options for the complete resection of spinal tumors according to the WBB surgical staging system, namely vertebrectomy, sagittal resection, and resection of the posterior arch). This is the most comprehensive and rational block resection protocol for spinal tumors to date. Since the spinal cord is located in the central canal of the spine, the spinal tumor must be resected in a fan shape with the spinal canal as the axis. According to the surgical plan designed by the WBB surgical staging system, when the main body of the tumor is located in the vertebral body and at least one side of the pedicle is not invaded (maximum area 4-8 or 5-9), the normal posterior structures can be resected sequentially, the dural sac and nerve roots can be freed, and then the entire diseased vertebral body can be resected anteriorly; or a single posterior resection and removal of the diseased vertebral body can be performed in a similar way as proposed by Roy-Camille or Tomita. A single posterior resection and removal of the diseased vertebral body can be performed in a similar manner to that proposed by Roy-camille or Tomita. Both approaches are feasible, but WBB prefers the former, as the anterior exposure of the diseased vertebral body not only makes it easier to deal with segmental vessels, but also allows for the fullest possible resection border, while preserving all nerve roots. When the tumor grows eccentrically and involves one side of the pedicle or/and transverse process (zones 3-5 or 8-10), sagittal resection of the diseased vertebrae should be performed in order to obtain good surgical borders. In other words, the normal posterior structures and the arch root on the opposite side of the lesion are partially removed posteriorly, the dural sac and nerve roots are freed (if necessary, the nerve roots on the side of the lesion are cut), the vertebral body on the side of the lesion is separated anteriorly and the important anterior structures are protected, then the vertebral body is sagittally cut from posterior to anterior with a bone gouge and the lesion is removed in one piece anteriorly. When the lesion is limited to the posterior arch (maximum area 3-10), the tumor can be removed in one piece through the posterior approach alone, where the arch is the site of separation of the tumor from the anterior vertebral body on both sides. Since the advent of the WBB surgical staging system, there have been many reports of successful use of this system for whole-block resection of spinal tumors. Due to the improvement of surgical techniques and surgical efficacy, the indications for spinal tumor block resection are not only limited to primary spinal tumors, but also extended to some spinal metastases. The surgical boundary of spinal tumor surgery. Whether the surgical boundary is reasonable or not directly affects the postoperative tumor behavior and patient’s prognosis. The whole resection is not the purpose of surgery, and the pursuit of spinal tumor surgery is to obtain the ideal surgical boundary. The whole resection does not necessarily result in a reasonable surgical border. If the border of resection enters the tumor tissue, the border is Intralesional; if the border of resection follows the reactive zone around the tumor (pseudo-envelope), the border is Marginal; if the border of resection is within the normal tissue surrounding the tumor and pseudo-envelope, the border is Wide excision. Radical resection is the removal of the tumor along with the interstitial compartment in which it is located. According to the surgical requirements of Enneking stage, for benign tumors in S3, marginal resection is preferable to reduce the recurrence rate; for stage I low-grade malignant tumors, because the surrounding reaction zone is infiltrated by tumor tissue, the surgical border is preferable to be extensive, and if marginal resection is performed, there may be residual tumor satellite foci, and radiotherapy and other adjuvant treatments are required after surgery; for stage II highly malignant tumors, because there is tumor invasion and jumping beyond the reaction zone, the surgical border is preferable to be extensive. In stage II highly malignant tumors, because of tumor invasion and jumping nodule formation outside the reaction zone, the surgical boundary must be as wide as possible, even so, it is difficult to completely remove all local tumor tissues. Because radical resection of spinal tumors is not possible because of the presence of the spinal cord and dural sac, and because in some cases it is difficult to achieve a wide surgical border, marginal resection and as wide a resection as possible are considered good surgical borders in a block resection of spinal tumors. The block resection plan designed according to WBB staging followed the surgical requirements of Enneking staging, and the surgical surgical boundaries were more accurate and reasonable. In order to minimize contamination of the surgical border, access to preoperative biopsy should be considered as part of the tumor itself, and it is desirable to include it when considering the surgical border for tumor resection. the impact of tumor biopsy modality on obtaining a good surgical border was also emphasized by Boriani et al. in their article. The most logical way to biopsy a spinal tumor is currently a CT-guided puncture biopsy. If the tumor is located in the vertebral body, the biopsy access should be through the vertebral arch, so that the puncture through the arch can be removed in its entirety along with the tumor during surgery. The main objective of surgical staging and technical improvement of spinal tumors is to obtain good surgical borders. tomita et al. performed histological examination and evaluation of resected specimens after total vertebral resection of spinal tumors using their innovative technique and showed that marginal or extensive surgical borders were obtained at all levels except for the arch root dissection and a few intracanal lesions where the surgical border was intra-lesional. Boriani et al. reported that after postoperative radiological and histological analysis of the specimens, marginal or extensive surgical borders were successfully obtained in 21 of 29 whole spine tumor resections performed using WBB staging. Hasegawa et al. in 13 cases of surgical treatment of spinal malignancies. In the report, it was noted that in order to obtain an ideal surgical border, part of the pleura or psoas muscle covering the surface of the tumor should be removed together with the spinal tumor during resection. Today, the surgical border has been increasingly emphasized in the resection of whole spine tumors. The goals of surgical treatment of spinal tumors are local control of the tumor, obtaining long-term survival, and improving the quality of survival. This not only requires continuous advances and improvements in surgical concepts and techniques, but also relies on the development of other disciplines in tumor therapeutics.