When it comes to medical records, many people know that every person who sees a doctor has to build a medical record, but for the pathology examination, non-medical personnel generally do not know, due to the high degree of specialization, and even some medical personnel do not know much about it. Pathological examination is an important part of the diagnosis of disease, is the diagnosis of many diseases have legal effect on the important personal data, but also many types of life insurance compensation is currently an important basis for the results of the pathology examination report, remind you must pay attention to save. Pathological examination is very extensive, but commonly used is histopathological examination and cytopathological examination, of which histopathological examination is the most useful to the clinical, histopathology is a series of physical and chemical treatment of human tissue made of pathological slices, under the microscope to the disease to make a pathological diagnosis (such as diagnosis of benign or malignant tumors, or inflammation, or other diseases, etc.), due to the diagnostic accuracy of up to Due to its diagnostic accuracy of more than 95%, it can objectively respond to the real situation of the disease, so it has very important reference value for the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of the disease. Many people do not know this, in the hospital to see a doctor, for the removal of some of the body’s swelling or treatment of some of the biopsy removed casually thrown away, the reason for this, mostly unwilling to spend money to do pathological examination. In some cases, the attending doctor will also say to the patient: your disease is definitely benign, do not need to do pathological examination, the above situation is most common in primary hospitals or many private clinics. When after a period of time, the patient’s body mass recurrence, to the higher hospital checkup, when asked to do the past pathology examination diagnosis is, many patients are asked, some of which are malignant tumors, due to the failure to do the pathology examination, the delay in the best time for treatment of the disease, a serious impact on further treatment, such as failure to expand the resection in a timely manner or further radiotherapy, etc., prognosis will be very bad, the patient regret will not be able to do it. The prognosis will be very bad, and it will be too late for the patient to regret. Therefore, our pathologist suggests that no matter what disease, as long as we can do pathological examination, we must do this examination. I. What are the common methods of pathologic examination? Specimen source of those ways? At present, the common methods of pathological examination are: 1, routine pathology and histology section; 2, intraoperative frozen histology section; 3, needle aspiration and exfoliative cytology; 4, histochemistry and immunohistochemistry; 5, flow cytology; 6, difficult pathology section consultation and so on. Some larger hospitals can also carry out autopsy and tissue, cell culture. Routine pathology section and intraoperative frozen pathology section examination specimens generally by the surgeon in the operating room to remove all or part of the swelling sent for examination; a variety of endoscopic examination such as gastroscopy, tracheoscopy, laryngoscopy, cystoscopy and vaginoscopy, hysteroscopy and so on biopsy tissue, and a variety of biopsy forceps forceps the surface of the swelling tissues can be done for routine pathology; and even the body of any communication with the outside world, such as oral coughing out tissues or anus out of tissues, nasal dislodgement of tissue Even any external traffic points of the body, such as oral coughing tissue or anal stool tissue, nasal exudate tissue, vaginal exudate tissue, etc., can also be pathologically examined. Needle aspiration cytology and exfoliative cytology specimens from a wider range of sources, any cell that can be coated on a glass slide can be examined, of which the needle aspiration cytology examination is generally completed by the clinician or pathologist to complete the specimen sampling, commonly used fine needles (mostly with 7-8 needle) according to the prescribed process in the human body to take out the swelling of a small number of cells, coated with glass slides, and then fixed in a timely manner to the preparation of the microscope to observe; but also in the X-ray machine, CT or B ultrasound guided by a special puncture wound, the body of a small amount of cells, coated on a glass slide, fixed in time to prepare for the observation; also in X-ray machine, CT or B ultrasound guided with a special puncture needle to penetrate the swelling, remove the cells smear examination. Exfoliative cytology can be done by the physician on the surface of the swelling scrapings such as cervical scraping, surface swelling scrapings, etc., can also be extracted from ascites, pleural fluid, pericardial effusion, cerebral effusion or urine centrifuged sediment preparation, nipple overflow can also be directly coated examination. Various endoscopic examination can also be endoscopically with a brush on the surface of the swelling to brush the cells of the swelling smear examination. Second, how to interpret the contents of the pathology report? Histologic pathology report writing requirements are strict, tight content, mainly for clinicians as the basis for diagnosis and further treatment, non-physician personnel are generally difficult to fully understand the contents of the diagnostic pathology report. Its content is generally directly related to the specimen submitted for examination, and the pathology report of surgical resection specimen is more complicated, including “what kind of disease is the tissue submitted for examination”, and if it is malignant, it should also report the histological type of the disease, such as “sarcoma, lymphoma, squamous carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small-cell carcinoma,” and so on, the size of the mass, the size of the tumor, the size of the tumor, and the size of the tumor. If it is malignant, the histological type of the disease such as “sarcoma, lymphoma, squamous carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma”, etc., the size of the mass, the grading of the tumor such as “grade I, II, III”, the depth of invasion of the tumor and the metastasis of the surrounding lymph nodes, and the surgical margins of whether there is any residual tumor. Needle aspiration cytology or exfoliative cytology pathology report is relatively less content, generally more on the description of the cells seen, combined with the medical history to consider what disease, can be clear that can be treated in time, can not be completely diagnosed or recommended to do further tests such as excision of the mass, biopsy, intraoperative frozen section, determination of certain specific indicators in the blood and so on. What is immunohistochemistry? What is the significance? The principle of immunohistochemistry is to detect unknown antigens or antibodies in tissues by using the specific binding reaction between antigens and antibodies. Currently, it is mainly used for tumor-associated antigens, which are often used to determine the origin of the tumor and assist in pathological diagnosis and differential diagnosis, such as whether it is “epithelial carcinoma” or “mesenchymal sarcoma” or “lymphoma” or “lymphoid tissue” or “lymphoma”. Lymphoma” or “malignant melanoma”. Hormone receptor tests, such as PR (androgen) and ER (estrogen), which are commonly used in patients with breast cancer and endometrial cancer, can also be performed, and are used as an important basis for postoperative endocrine therapy. Some immunohistochemical tests can help patients choose specific therapeutic drugs. Some tests can help determine the prognosis of the disease, regression and the need for radiation therapy, chemotherapy or other treatments. What is liquid-based cytology used for? Liquid-based cytology is a special cytology test, mostly used for cervical cytology and sputum. Since the incidence of cervical cancer is the second most common tumor in women after breast cancer, it is very important to do a good job in cervical cancer census and screening, and now it is believed that cervical cancer is one of the tumors that can be detected in time through regular examination, and cervical smear examination is the commonly used examination in the past, which has made excellent contribution to women’s cervical cancer census, but in the past, the traditional method of smear has a high rate of false negatives, and in 1990s, the invention of liquid-based smear technology is more suitable. The invention of liquid-based smear technology has made great progress compared with the past smear method, and has been popularized all over the world. Liquid-based cytology smear is clear, with less debris and large cell volume, which can truly reflect the current situation of cervical epithelial cells, and is simple and easy to carry out without any trauma, which can quickly find out whether there are any abnormalities in the cervical epithelial cells, and whether there is a need for biopsy, etc., and it is a trustworthy cytology means in clinic, and has been carried out in larger hospitals in the last 2 years. In the past 2 years, liquid-based cytology has been carried out in larger hospitals.