China is one of the regions with high incidence of esophageal cancer, and its incidence is related to the environment, dietary habits and genetics. It is related to the environment, dietary habits and genetics, including the consumption of foods containing nitrosamines (pickled products, etc.), overheating and hard things. Clinically, esophagus is divided into cervical, upper, middle and lower thoracic segments. Middle esophageal cancer is common and is mostly squamous cancer. The pathological pattern is divided into four types: medullary, constricted, umbrella and ulcerated. In the early stage, there is no difficulty in swallowing, but some patients have choking sensation, retrosternal discomfort, foreign body sensation, and even pain and burning sensation when swallowing food. As the disease progresses, the symptoms gradually worsen. Eventually, water and saliva cannot be swallowed. If the surrounding tissues are invaded, hoarseness, vomiting of blood, choking and lung infection may occur depending on the invasion site. Upper gastrointestinal tract imaging should be done for suspected patients to clarify the nature, size and location of the lesion. At the same time, esophagoscopy can be performed to further clarify the examination and obtain a pathological diagnosis. For the high-risk group, balloon exfoliation cell examination with mesh has a high detection rate. First of all, the principles of diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumors should be followed. “early detection, early diagnosis, early treatment”. The treatment methods are surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and combination therapy. If surgical treatment can be performed, according to the situation, choose esophageal cancer resection gastric substitution esophageal anastomosis, esophageal cancer resection colonic substitution esophageal anastomosis, esophageal cancer resection jejunostomy substitution esophageal anastomosis. Gastric substitution anastomosis for esophageal cancer is the most commonly used and has good effect and is preferred. It can also be combined with radiotherapy to improve the resection rate and survival rate. For patients with advanced stage and those who cannot tolerate surgery, radiotherapy can be chosen.