Hemorrhoids are the most common benign anal lesion, and since ancient times there has been the saying “nine hemorrhoids in ten pregnancies”. In fact, prolonged sitting, constipation, prostate hypertrophy, and pregnancy can trigger and aggravate hemorrhoids. The fact is that prolonged drinking and eating irritating food can also lead to local congestion of the anal cushion, perianal infection causing perivenous inflammation resulting in hypertrophy of the anal cushion, malnutrition, and local tissue atrophy leading to the onset and aggravation of hemorrhoids. The “anal cushion” is a normal anatomical structure, a lip-like flab at the lower end of the rectum, a ring of sponge-like tissue located from the dentate line to 1.5cm above it, also known as the “rectal spongy body”. Due to the contraction of the internal sphincter, the anal cushion is divided into three pieces by the Y-shaped sulcus, the right front, the right back and the left side, which are the areas where hemorrhoids tend to occur. Under normal circumstances, it plays the role of “anal gasket” and assists the sphincter to achieve complete closure of the anus. In abnormal cases: (1) internal hemorrhoids are formed when the supporting structures of the anal cushion, the venous plexus and the anastomosing branches of the arteries are pathologically altered or displaced; (2) external hemorrhoids are formed when the subcutaneous venous plexus distal to the dentate line is pathologically dilated or thrombosed; (3) mixed hemorrhoids are formed when the internal hemorrhoids are fused with the corresponding external hemorrhoids through the rich anastomosing branches of the venous plexus. 1, internal hemorrhoids: the most common, located above the dentate line, the surface is covered by rectal mucosa, common in the lower rectum right before and right after the left side, which is the anal cushion is divided to form three blocks. Internal hemorrhoids are divided into four degrees: I degree: only bleeding during defecation, hemorrhoids do not prolapse outside the anus; ll degree: hemorrhoids prolapse outside the anus during defecation, and then return after defecation; lll degree: hemorrhoids prolapse outside the anus and need hand assistance to return; lV degree: hemorrhoids prolapse outside the anus for a long time and cannot return or immediately prolapse again after return. 2.External hemorrhoids: located below the dentate line, the surface is covered by the skin of the anal canal. They are divided into: connective tissue external hemorrhoids (skin flaps) varicose veins and thrombosed external hemorrhoids. 3.Mixed hemorrhoids: located above and below the dentate line, the surface is covered by rectal mucosa and anal canal skin, internal hemorrhoids develop to more than II degree to form mixed hemorrhoids. 4.Mixed hemorrhoids gradually develop, the surrounding tissue atrophies, and the hypertrophic anal cushion gradually increases in size, moves down, and prolapses outside the anus to form a plum-shaped hemorrhoid. 5.If the prolapsed hemorrhoid is embedded by the spastic sphincter, edema, stasis, or even necrosis occurs, it is called embedded hemorrhoid or strangulated hemorrhoid. The clinical symptoms of hemorrhoids are: 1. Blood in the stool: painless intermittent blood after the stool is the most common early symptom of internal hemorrhoids. It is the most common early symptom of internal hemorrhoids. It can be seen as blood dripping from the stool or blood on the stool paper, and a few of them can appear as fine lines of jet bleeding, which can stop by itself. 2, hemorrhoid mass prolapse. 3, pain and discomfort: simple internal hemorrhoids no pain, can have a feeling of swelling, only combined with thrombosis, embedded, infection will feel pain, the first 3 days of the formation of hemorrhoids may be severe pain patients fidgeting movement inconvenience. 4, itching: hemorrhoid block prolapse is often accompanied by mucus outflow, plus underwear friction to stimulate the skin around the anus, causing itching. Hemorrhoids treatment principles: ① asymptomatic hemorrhoids do not need treatment; ② symptomatic hemorrhoids do not need radical treatment; ③ non-surgical treatment is the main. 1.General treatment: No special treatment is needed for asymptomatic resting hemorrhoids, just increase the fiber diet (green vegetables and fruits), change the bad bowel habits (repeat irregularly several times a day), and keep the bowels open. Hot water bath can improve the local blood circulation, blood dump external hemorrhoids sometimes after local hot compresses, external anti-inflammatory painkillers can relieve the symptoms and avoid surgery, hemorrhoid block prolapsed or embedded in the early stage of local cleaning, using a small amount of lubricant to gently push the hemorrhoid block back into the anal canal, their own initiative to contract the anal canal to prevent its re-prolapse, and can be repeated. 2.Injection therapy: It is more effective in the treatment of ⅡⅢ degree bleeding internal hemorrhoids, the principle is: by injecting sclerosing agent to make hemorrhoids and hemorrhoids around sterile inflammatory reaction, submucosal tissue fibrosis, so that the anal cushion is fixed. 3.Infrared coagulation therapy: applicable to IIIll degree internal hemorrhoids, the principle is similar to injection sclerotherapy, but the recurrence rate is high, and it is less used clinically at present. 4.Collar ligation therapy: Applicable to II III degree internal hemorrhoids, the principle is: the special collar is inserted into the root of internal hemorrhoids, using the elasticity of the collar to block the blood flow of hemorrhoids, causing ischemic necrosis of hemorrhoids and sterile inflammation to fix the anal cushion. However, there is a possibility of bleeding when the hemorrhoid is dislodged. 5.Surgical treatment: When the general treatment and the other treatment above are not satisfactory and the hemorrhoid prolapse is serious and accompanied by bleeding, surgical treatment can be taken. There are open hemorrhoidectomy (no skin mucosa stitching after surgery) and closed hemorrhoidectomy (skin mucosa stitching after surgery). PPH: Clutch hemorrhoid circumferential hemorrhoidectomy, suitable for internal hemorrhoids of degree III-1V, circumferential hemorrhoids, degree II hemorrhoids but with heavy bleeding. Thrombosed external hemorrhoid dissection: for removal of painful thrombosed external hemorrhoids.