Studies in Europe and the United States have shown that the medium and long-term survival rates of breast-conserving surgery are the same as those of modified radical mastectomy, and there is no statistically significant difference between breast-conserving surgery and modified radical mastectomy in terms of total local recurrence rate, total distant metastasis rate, and overall survival rate, but breast-conserving surgery must strictly control the indications for surgery and strengthen postoperative comprehensive treatment. Breast-conserving surgery indications: 1) Stage I-II breast cancer; 2) Tumor diameter of 3cm, large tumor is often too large to be excised and the breast is obviously deformed after surgery; 3) Peripheral tumor, 2cm from the areola; 4) Single lesion; 5) Tumor boundary is clear; 6) Axillary lymph nodes are not enlarged before surgery; 7) Patients have breast-conserving desire and have follow-up conditions. In general, breast-conserving treatment is not recommended in the following cases: 1.Adequate and effective radiotherapy cannot be guaranteed; 2.Psychological factors. Patients are unwilling to accept radiotherapy; 3. Early and mid-term pregnancy is an absolute contraindication to radiotherapy and breast-conserving treatment is not recommended. Late pregnancy can be treated with breast-conserving surgery and radiotherapy after delivery; 4. The lesion is polycentric (more than two malignant masses located in different segments of the breast, diffuse malignant lesions or multiple indeterminate microcalcifications). 5. Breast conservation is also not recommended for those with collagen vascular disease who have a high incidence of postoperative complications. In conclusion, breast-conserving surgery has been recognized by more and more physicians and patients. Breast-conserving surgery for early-stage breast cancer does not increase the recent local recurrence rate and survival rate, but can greatly improve the quality of patients’ survival with satisfactory results. Breast-conserving surgery is feasible for patients with early-stage breast cancer who wish to preserve their breasts. Breast-conserving surgery for early-stage breast cancer does not improve the recent local recurrence rate and survival rate, but can greatly improve the quality of patients’ survival with satisfactory results.