Congenital heart disease is a condition in which the anatomical structure of the heart and large blood vessels is abnormal due to formation disorders or developmental abnormalities during embryonic development (especially during the first 2-3 months of pregnancy), or in which channels that should close automatically after birth fail to close (which is normal in the fetus). According to the hemodynamic combined with pathophysiological changes, congenital heart disease can be classified as cyanotic or non-cyanotic, and can also be divided into three categories according to the presence or absence of shunts: non-shunted (e.g. pulmonary stenosis, aortic constriction), left-to-right shunted (e.g. atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus) and right-to-left shunted (e.g. tetralogy of Fallot, misaligned great vessels). Newborns with congenital heart disease may have the following manifestations: (1) frequent colds, recurrent respiratory infections, and susceptibility to pneumonia; (2) poor growth, wasting, and excessive sweating; (3) weak sucking during breastfeeding, difficulty in breastfeeding, or the infant refuses to eat, chokes, and is usually short of breath; (4) bruised lips and nails or bruised after crying or activity, pestle fingers (the nail bed is raised like a hammer, as a result of long-term (4) blue lips and nails or after crying or activity, pestle-like fingers (the nail bed is raised like a hammer, which is the result of long-term hypoxia), syncope and hemoptysis (cyanotic type). There are many types of congenital heart disease, and their clinical manifestations depend mainly on the size and complexity of the malformation. Complex and severe malformations can present with severe symptoms shortly after birth and can even be life-threatening. It should be noted that some simple malformations such as ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus can have no obvious symptoms in the early stage, but the disease can still potentially develop and worsen, requiring timely diagnosis and treatment.