Description: Early cancer of the esophagus is the most risky but also the most rewarding lesion to resect endoscopically. Esophageal cancer spreads earlier than both stomach and colon, but because surgical resection usually requires open chest, the intraoperative risk is relatively high and the incidence of postoperative esophageal fistula is also higher, so endoscopic resection if possible means freedom from open chest for the patient. The depth of esophageal cancer infiltration can be determined endoscopically by some techniques such as magnification and optical enhancement, which can help distinguish between resectable and unresectable patients.