Clinical manifestations Type I (acute bacterial prostatitis) has an acute onset and may present with chills and high fever, accompanied by persistent and obvious symptoms of lower urinary tract infection, such as urinary frequency, urgency, painful urination, burning sensation in urination, difficulty urinating, urinary retention, and discomfort in the posterior urethra, anus, and perineal area. Elevated white blood cell count and positive bacterial culture in blood and urine. Type II (chronic bacterial prostatitis) with recurrent lower urinary tract infection symptoms (as above) lasting for more than 3 months. Type III (chronic prostatitis) Mainly presents with pain in the pelvic region, which can be seen in the perineum, penis, perianal area, urethra, pubic bone or lumbosacral area. Urinary abnormalities can be manifested as urinary urgency, frequency, painful urination and increased nocturia. Due to the chronic pain that remains untreated, patients have a reduced quality of life and may have sexual dysfunction, anxiety, depression, insomnia, and memory loss. Type IV (asymptomatic prostatitis) has no subjective symptoms and only evidence of inflammation is found during examinations concerning the prostate. The symptoms of prostatitis are diverse and not proportional to the severity of the inflammation. Some patients have a large number of pus cells in the prostate fluid but are asymptomatic, while some patients have normal or near normal prostate fluid examination, but show heavy clinical symptoms. The most common symptoms can be summarized as follows: (1) discomfort in urination, frequent urethral burning, pain radiating to the head of the penis, mucus, mucus and pus secretion at the urethral orifice in the morning, cloudy urine or white after defecation; in severe cases, terminal hematuria and difficulty in urination or urinary retention can occur. (2) Local symptoms Posterior urethra Discomfort in the perineum and anus, with a feeling of pressure or fullness, especially when squatting or defecating. (3) Radiation pain The prostate or seminal vesicles are richly innervated by sympathetic nerves, when inflammation occurs, the internal tension of the gland increases, which can stimulate the sympathetic nerves and cause metastatic back pain, which can radiate to the penis, testicles, scrotum, groin, perineum, abdomen, thighs, buttocks, rectum, etc. (4) Sexual dysfunction Chronic prostatitis can cause loss of sexual desire or loss of ejaculation pain, hematemesis, premature ejaculation, impotence, seminal emission and infertility.