Leukemia is a clonal expansion and uncontrolled proliferation of a lineage of hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow that disrupts the normal hematopoietic system and is transported by the blood to various organs and tissues, causing various symptoms such as fever, anemia, bleeding and hepatosplenomegaly. The etiology and pathogenesis of leukemia are not fully understood. Some studies have shown that the formation of leukemia is produced by multiple sexual blows, where the patient’s genetic alterations and the influence of external factors such as viruses and radiation cause damage to the bone marrow cells, resulting in an abnormal clone, where the cells cannot differentiate and mature, but present uncontrolled growth. We should at least recognize the following 3 points about childhood leukemia: 1. childhood leukemia is not an incurable disease; 2. childhood leukemia does not always require hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; 3. combination chemotherapy is the main treatment for childhood leukemia. Graded therapy guided by risk stratification is the essence of modern chemotherapy for childhood leukemia, which can improve long-term survival, reduce near-term and long-term toxicities, and improve long-term quality of life. The current state-of-the-art view of treatment (in the case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia) is that childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia can be classified as low-risk, intermediate-risk, or high-risk based on MICM typing of the bone marrow (i.e., bone marrow cytology, immunophenotyping, chromosomal and FISH techniques, and fusion genes) as well as clinical risk factors (e.g., age, white blood cell count at initial diagnosis) and trace residual leukemia. Treatment is based on multidrug combinations, early sequential chemotherapy, extramedullary leukemia control and standardized follow-up and management, and only a very small number of patients with high-risk leukemia require hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The prognosis of childhood leukemia treatment mainly depends on: 1) the accuracy of diagnosis – stratified diagnosis; 2) the rationality of treatment – graded treatment; 3) the ability to overcome comorbidities, mainly referring to the technical strength of the pediatric hematology department of the hospital visited; 4) the compliance of the child and family with medical measures (depending on the economic and cultural background of the family and the compliance with medical measures). Therefore, children and parents suffering from leukemia must be brave, strong and persistent, and as doctors of children with leukemia must be constantly aggressive and strive to improve the technical level of treatment, as well as standardize the management and follow-up of patients in order to obtain results, any negligence or carelessness in any part of the process can cause irreversible consequences.