In a recent issue of Lancet Oncology, Eliza Hawkes and colleagues published a recent review of PD-1 inhibitors for the treatment of lymphoma. The article suggests that immunotherapy may help in overcoming cancer. And, since 2011 eprilimumab (ipilimumab) was approved for the treatment of metastatic melanoma, increasing the interest and success of immunotherapy to treat cancer. Ironically, melanoma, which has not had any truly viable treatment options for decades, has become a testing ground for immunotherapy, revolutionizing the standard of care for these patients and paving the way for the treatment of other advanced cancers. It is worth noting, however, not to let our enthusiasm for these therapies outweigh the research data. Nivolumab and pembrolizumab, which inhibit the interaction between PD-1 and its ligand, are also approved for use in metastatic melanoma. There is also activity against bladder cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and renal cell carcinoma. These immunotherapeutic effects are achieved by eliminating inhibitory signaling in the T-cell activation pathway or by acting directly on the corresponding locus, whereas previous immunotherapeutic agents, such as interleukin 2, simply boosted the immune system. Other immunotherapeutic agents under investigation include chemokine receptor antibodies, such as mogamulizumab; therapeutic cancer vaccines, including dendritic cell-based vaccines; and lysovirus vaccines. In many immunization trials, sustained immune responses and prolonged survival were observed only in subgroups of patients, highlighting the importance of distinguishing between differences in clinical presentation and molecular characteristics. This will not only provide clues as to which factors may predict the therapeutic reflection of patients, but also provide an opportunity to develop immune or other therapeutic approaches to improve prognosis in refractory patients. While biomarkers are key to achieving these aims, the complexity of the immune system provides a barrier to discovering the appropriate markers. In addition, the response of the tumor itself, also contributes to the unique efficacy of immunotherapy. Recently, RECIST guidelines have been revised to include immunotherapy-related progression criteria; however, acceptance of these guidelines is uncertain, and the relationship between progression and overall survival based on these evaluation criteria is unclear. Reporting of study results on secondary or intermediate endpoints is sometimes done in too much of a hurry, resulting in premature exposure or slightly less rigorous study data. This does harm patients and the medical community, and can influence the design of future immunization trials due to the availability of false treatment hope. Given the complexity in this area, there is a need for rigorous validation of study endpoints, a rigorous definition of patient response to treatment, and finding a reliable study endpoint that reflects the complex treatment outcomes of patients, making treatment success more compelling and authentic. Another way to improve the effectiveness of immunotherapy in patients is to combine immunotherapy with other treatments: how effective is immunotherapy in combination with chemotherapy, or targeted therapy, or even other immunotherapies? There is some evidence to support their combination; for example, the combination of nivolumab and eprilimus improves the rate of response in patients with metastatic melanoma. It should also be noted that although these combination regimens; from an immunophysiological point of view can predict their therapeutic synergy, the complexity of the body’s immune response may lead to unexpected and serious adverse events. Importantly, immunotherapy can lead to different risks, including autoimmunity, which require proper understanding and treatment to avoid unnecessary casualties. In fact, in some studies, autoimmunity may be associated with a greater proportion of patients reflecting treatment, which can be used to determine the optimal dose and regimen before these drugs are approved for widespread use. Immunotherapy has great potential to benefit patients far more than we have already discovered, but it is important to be ever vigilant about the risks associated with altered immune function, while avoiding misinterpretation or overinterpretation of trial results and surrogate indicators. The use of rational trial design and immunotherapy regimens that take advantage of the benefits of immunotherapy without tolerating these errors may then lead to breakthroughs in oncology treatment.