Urinary stones are broadly classified into calcium-containing stones and non-calcium-containing stones according to their chemical composition. Calcium-containing stones account for 80-95% of stones and are mainly composed of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. In addition to drinking a lot of water, it is necessary to adjust the diet according to the composition of stones. 1, calcium oxalate stones: avoid eating: carrots, spinach, celery, lettuce, lime, citrus, soy products and chocolate; avoid drinking: black tea, cocoa, beer, cola, etc. 2, calcium phosphate and magnesium ammonium phosphate stones: low calcium phosphate diet and acidic food is recommended. It is recommended to control urinary tract infection; all dairy products, beans, egg yolks and lemon juice with phosphate, cola, coffee, etc. should be avoided. 3. High urinary calcium stones: An acidic diet and reduced calcium intake are recommended. 4. Uric acid stones: An alkaline diet is recommended. Desirable foods: Grains should be mainly fine grains; more fresh vegetables and fruits; eggs and milk can be consumed appropriately. Limit protein intake. Avoid foods: liver, brain, kidney and other animal offal, dried meat, various kinds of broth, gravy, salted or fried food; seafood: mackerel, sardines, white fish, clams, crabs, etc.; vegetables: spinach, cauliflower, lobster, various kinds of beans, and mushrooms; drinks: wine, strong tea, coffee, cocoa, etc.; 5, cysteamine stones: low methionine diet. Eat less meat, eggs and dairy foods. The effect of dietary components on stones: 1. Water: chronic dehydration and insufficient water intake are closely related to urinary stone formation. Increasing water intake can reduce the risk of urinary stone formation through a variety of mechanisms. It is recognized that a reasonable amount of water should be consumed at least 2 liters per day, with special attention to drinking a certain amount of water in the evening, and it is important to replenish sufficient amount of fluid at night while sleeping. It has been reported that drinking 2500 ml of fluid per day may prevent the development of new stones in people with high calcium urine. It is usually recommended to drink 250ml of water every 4 hours, plus 250ml with each meal. As for what kind of fluid to drink, it is agreed that milk-free and less oxalic fluid is appropriate. Opinions about drinking hard and soft water are still divided, but it has not been confirmed that hard water is more likely to cause urinary stone formation than soft water. It has not been proven that hard water is more likely to cause urinary stone formation than soft water. Moreover, fluid pathology has confirmed that there is a negative correlation between water hardness and kidney stones. So the amount of water is the key, and must be day and night to take into account. Calcium: It has been confirmed that the widespread practice of limiting calcium in the diet not only fails to reduce, but also increases the risk of kidney stone formation. A low-calcium diet can promote intestinal oxalate absorption and cause hyperoxaluria, thus promoting the formation of urinary stones. A low-calcium diet has been reported to be more harmful than a normal calcium diet for patients with urinary stones. However, studies have shown that calcium supplementation in postmenopausal women does not increase the risk of stone formation, and if there is a risk, it only occurs during the first few months of calcium supplementation. It is best to increase water intake during this period. 3. Oxalate: Since most urinary stones contain oxalate, reducing urinary oxalate will certainly reduce the occurrence of urolithiasis. However, most common diet contains little oxalic acid and the absorption rate is not high. Under normal circumstances, only 8-12% of the dietary oxalic acid is absorbed. Therefore, the effect of limiting oxalic acid intake in patients with high oxalic acid urinary stones without intestinal disease is unpredictable. Oxalic acid absorption increases only when there is a deficiency or lack of intestinal bacteria. Since 25-30% of urinary oxalic acid is a metabolite of vitamin C, vitamin C plays an important role in urinary oxalic acid and urinary stone formation. Although the recommended dose of vitamin C is 60 mg/d, some people consume large amounts of vitamin C for various reasons, but there is still disagreement whether large intake of vitamin C can significantly increase urinary oxalic acid excretion and thus lead to the formation of urinary calcium oxalate stones. Therefore, patients with urinary stones need to be cautious about applying vitamin C in large doses, and avoid strong tea, do not eat large amounts of chocolate and spinach. 4, protein: urinary stone occurrence and life affluence, that is, and high protein diet related. Some studies have shown that a high-protein diet can increase the incidence of urinary stones. On the contrary, a vegetable diet without animal protein contains high oxalate, but the risk of stone occurrence is low. Therefore, moderation of protein in food, especially animal protein, is beneficial for all stone patients. 5. Salt: In general there is basically no difference in salt habits between patients with urinary stones and controls. However, some studies have concluded that a high sodium diet can increase the tendency to crystallize calcium salts in the urine. The amount of salt in the diet should be less than 10g/d. 6, fat: patients with calcium-containing urinary calculi excretion in the urine refers to a higher than normal, but this is not related to diet. However, Eskimos have a low incidence of coronary artery disease and kidney stones, which is related to their more intake of non-unsaturated fatty acids. 7. Alcohol: Moderate alcohol consumption does not increase the risk of stone formation. Although high urinary calcium and high urinary phosphorus are more pronounced in chronic drinkers, the diuretic effect caused by alcohol can reduce the concentration of urinary components. 8, citrate: Citrate is a natural urinary stone inhibitor. The following fruits are rich in citrate: citrus, grapefruit, pineapple. Citrus is more commonly used as an adjunct to the treatment of low-citrate calcium-containing kidney stones. However, a high intake of citric acid-containing fruits and vegetables can lead to hyperoxaluria and offset the benefits of increasing citric acid in the diet. Appendix: Table of various types of foods Acidic foods Cereals: rice, wheat, sorghum, corn, potatoes, sweet potatoes, taro, noodles, tree potato flour, macaroni Eggs: eggs, duck eggs, skinned eggs, plums. Alkaline foods Milk: milk, cheese, ice cream Fruits: diced willow, vegetables, radish, water chestnuts Dried grapes, brown sugar, olives. Neutral foods Butter, vegetable oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, lard tea, coffee, sugar, hard shelled fruits: peanuts, walnuts, cashews, almonds.