Tympanic membrane perforation is a serious condition that can not only affect hearing, but also cause many other complications. So what are the causes of tympanic membrane perforation? What are the symptoms of tympanic membrane perforation? The causes of tympanic membrane perforation are 1. direct trauma. Most often, trauma to the head, combined with temporal bone fractures, can damage the eardrum. In addition, digging the ear too hard or being bumped by others can also perforate the eardrum. Secondly, splashing metal powder, slag, welding sparks and mistaken drops of corrosives such as strong acids and alkalis can corrode the eardrum and cause perforation. In addition, it has often been reported in the news recently that passionate outbursts between couples can actually lead to perforation of the eardrum. 2, indirect trauma. It is common when there is a rapid change in atmospheric pressure, such as rapid descent of aircraft, artillery shells, firing, loud noise, and the air wave will shatter the eardrum. The tympanic membrane can also be injured by slapping and perforation can occur. The air pressure in the middle ear cavity rises sharply and an imbalance between the internal and external air pressure occurs, such as from forceful nose blowing. 3. Eustachian tube infection. Otitis media, otitis externa and other ear diseases can lead to tympanic membrane perforation, while most of the tympanic membrane perforation is due to otitis media, which mostly occurs in infancy, due to the short and thick pharyngeal tube of infants, and the tube is also straight, so nasal secretions, milk, etc. can easily flow or choke into the middle ear through the pharyngeal tube. 4. Other factors. Bacterial infection during swimming, hair washing or ear digging can spread to the middle ear through inflammation and cause middle ear inflammation, which can also easily cause tympanic membrane perforation. Symptoms of tympanic membrane perforation 1. Hearing ranges from normal to moderate deafness, with a sense of obstruction and even ear pain. 2. After a few hours, the ear pain is reduced due to the production of exudate. 3.There are signs of tinnitus. 4. At the beginning, only simple congestion of the tympanic membrane is seen, and as the tympanic membrane invaginates, punctate bleeding occurs, causing sensory nerve deafness. 5, Explosive tympanic membrane perforation, due to squamous epithelial invagination into the tympanic chamber and the formation of squamous epithelial cysts, is prone to secondary infection. 6. Tympanic membrane perforation is a common clinical manifestation of chronic suppurative otitis media, which can cause long-term hearing dysfunction and occasional purulent discharge from the ear. A perforated eardrum caused by severe traumatic brain injury may have blood flowing out of the ear. 7. When the tympanic membrane is perforated, often due to the patient’s emotional stress, it is likely that there will be no symptoms manifested. After a period of time, the patient will suddenly feel a roaring in the ear, accompanied by ear pain, tinnitus and deafness, and a small amount of blood will flow from the outer ear canal. If the patient has damage to the inner ear, he or she may experience vertigo, nausea and severe deafness. On examination, there is blood in the external ear canal and irregular perforation of the eardrum.