Introduction to Radiation Oncology I. Overview Radiation therapy, surgery and chemotherapy are the three major means of current tumor treatment. Radiation therapy is one of the important means to treat malignant tumors, so it is currently called radiation oncology. According to WHO, about 40% of malignant tumor patients can be cured. The statistics of large group of data show that more than 70% of malignant tumor patients have received radiation therapy during the treatment process. Radiation oncology is a second-level discipline, which is a relatively young discipline. Before liberation, there were only 2 radiotherapy centers and a dozen of professional staff. After liberation, especially since the 1960s, radiation therapy has developed rapidly. In professional cancer hospitals, radiation oncology is the most important discipline, and many general hospitals have established radiation oncology specialties. Second, the history of radiation therapy for tumors Year Events 1895 Germany Roentgen discovered X-rays 1896 Madame Curie discovered the radioactive substance radium. 1898 Radium treated the first cancer patient 1906 Cell radiosensitivity is proportional to its division activity and inversely proportional to its differentiation 1922 One case of locally advanced laryngeal cancer was treated with X-rays 1928 The second International Society of Radiology, which stipulated the unit of radiation dose – Roentgen 1930 Manchester system was established, which promoted the development of afterloading treatment 1934 External radiation dose splitting method, which is used to this day 1953 Radon effect concept 50s Cobalt 60 machine was introduced and linear gas pedal was introduced, “the end of the kilovoltage era”, “megavoltage era “70s “4Rs” in radiobiology 70-80s New concept of precise radiotherapy emerged from imaging technology and computer technology The radiotherapy business in China has developed rapidly. III. Main contents and learning methods 1. tumor radiation physics 2. clinical radiobiology 3. radiation oncology IV. basic principles of diagnosis, staging and treatment 1. basic principles of tumor diagnosis (1) complete treatment (2) emphasis on pathological diagnosis 2. criteria of malignant tumor diagnostic level Diagnostic level Diagnostic basis Diagnostic method Ⅰ cytological diagnosis Solid tumor: secretion exfoliated cell examination Blood system. Ⅱ A surgical diagnosis surgery, endoscopy to see tumor shape, invasion and scope, no pathological histological examination B imaging diagnosis specialized examination with high specificity to see the image of the lesion Ⅲ clinical diagnosis symptoms, signs, disease development pattern and biochemical and immunological examination with high specificity to exclude the possibility of other diseases Ⅳ post-mortem diagnosis information provided by family members after death and the diagnosis made before dying Diagnosis made by the information provided by family members after death and the performance before death 3. Staging The tumor (T), lymph node (N), and distant metastasis (M) stages developed by the International Union Against Cancer (UICC). Clinical TNM staging (cTNM): mainly based on physical examination and imaging data, without surgical or histological confirmation. Pathological TNM staging (pTNM): staging based on surgical specimens and pathological examination. 4.The basis for determining treatment plan (1) Nature and scope of tumor: early stage, middle stage, advanced stage (2) Development trend of tumor: limited, mainly limited, limited and disseminated, mainly disseminated, disseminated (3) Systemic condition of patient: knofsky physical condition score 5.Principles of comprehensive tumor treatment (1) Clear purpose: radical/palliative (2) Reasonable means: weighing pros and cons (3) Arrangement (3) orderly: radiotherapy, chemotherapy, surgery patients’ general condition (4) individualized: tumor nature, pathological type, stage, physical condition, economic level, etc.