The current prevalence of epilepsy in China is 7 to 9 per 1,000 people. Almost one in a hundred people in the population suffers from epilepsy, and it is a common and prevalent disease. There are about 13 million epilepsy patients in China, and about 30% of them have become drug-refractory intractable epilepsy due to ineffective long-term medication or generalized and indiscriminate use of various anti-epileptic drugs. The number of such patients is about 4-6 million nationwide, which greatly damages the physical and mental health of patients and causes great pain to their families, and indirectly increases social instability. It gradually worsens with age, but long-term use of antiepileptic drugs will gradually reduce the effectiveness of treatment. This drug-refractory intractable epilepsy is not incurable and can be treated with various surgical procedures to relieve the symptoms or stop the seizures. Surgical treatment of epilepsy has a history of about 100 years, with a spiral of beginnings, developments, highs, lows, and highs again. Initially, the surgical method was aimed at patients with age-related limitations, and the scope of treatment was small and ineffective. However, with the continuous development and advancement of science and technology, the surgical treatment of epilepsy has become more and more advanced. In particular, the in-depth research on the pathogenesis of epilepsy, the rise of brain and neuroimaging, the advancement of brain electrophysiology and diagnostic instruments in the past 20 years have led to an unprecedented development of preoperative site location techniques, thus making it possible to apply surgical treatment of epilepsy to patients of any age and any degree of disease. At present, there is a new surge in the treatment of epilepsy brain surgery in various countries, and many treatment centers and institutes have been established to specialize in the diagnosis and surgical methods. The development of systematic and standardized epilepsy surgery has only begun in China this century, only a decade or so ago. However, epilepsy is a complex condition with a variety of causes and types, and the lesions can be single or multiple; the types of onset vary, as do the sites of onset, making for a variety of different treatment options. With the increasing accuracy of surgical instrumentation, the success rate of surgery has taken a quantum leap, and more and more epilepsy patients are receiving surgical treatment. Today, surgery has become the main treatment for epilepsy. In 2001, Prof. Zhongxu Yang started to participate in the standardized epilepsy surgery in China at the Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. In 2004, he completed the first case of vagus nerve stimulation for intractable epilepsy in China with satisfactory results, which led to the application of neuromodulation techniques for epilepsy in China. In 2007, with the support of China Anti-Epilepsy Association, Prof. Zhongxu Yang went to Tianjin to establish the first epilepsy surgery center in Tianjin, which promoted the development of standardized epilepsy surgery in China in Tianjin. In 2009, he completed the craniotomy treatment of an extremely complex intractable epilepsy with a duration of 34 years, which was the longest, most complex, difficult and intractable patient with epilepsy successfully treated by craniotomy in China at that time. The seizures were controlled. In 2001, Dr. Zhongxu Yang proposed the concept of neuroprosthetic treatment for intractable epilepsy for the first time in the world with the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China. In 2004, he received the award from the President of the International League Against Epilepsy at the Great Hall of the People, and was awarded the “Wang Zhongli Medical Award” in the same year. After more than ten years of continuous and in-depth systematic research, the study has successfully completed all the pre-clinical research work under the continuous funding of Beijing Excellent Talent Training Fund and Tianjin Natural Science Foundation. At present, using the national translational medicine platform of Tsinghua University, pre-induced neural stem cells (which can be fully differentiated into inhibitory nerve cells for the treatment of epilepsy) have been applied to clinical patients for the treatment of epilepsy. The application of cell therapy epilepsy technology has brought the treatment of epilepsy to the highest technological level in the world at present, leading China’s epilepsy treatment to leap to a new level and among the leading international level. From the above analysis, it is easy to see that the epilepsy treatment profession has experienced a higher level of treatment from simple drug treatment to craniotomy treatment, then to neuromodulation treatment, and now has reached the molecular level of neural stem cell treatment. A total of three levels of ascension have been experienced, especially the cellular-molecular level of treatment has brought China’s epilepsy treatment to the international leading level. Seventy percent of epileptic patients in China can be cured or well controlled by taking medication systematically and scientifically for a period of time, while the remaining 30% of patients, about 4-6 million, for whom medication is ineffective, must choose surgical treatments – craniotomy, neuromodulation surgery or cell transplantation. Almost 100% of these 4-6 million patients with intractable epilepsy have one or several clearly intractable foci in widely diffuse epileptic discharges. Clearly intractable foci must be treated by craniotomy, while widely diffuse epileptic discharges need to be treated by neuromodulation surgery such as vagus nerve stimulation, brain pacemakers, or by neural stem cell transplantation. Therefore, epilepsy surgery is a systematic treatment project that integrates craniotomy, neuromodulation surgery, and cell transplantation, and it is the only way to obtain the best treatment effect for epilepsy, which is one of the five major neurological problems in the world. Whether it is craniotomy, neuromodulation surgery, or cell transplantation, there are many different techniques and surgical approaches. It is easy to see that it is a complex process to make an individualized surgical approach for different patients, taking into account all factors and making a comprehensive judgment to make the right choice. It is because of the highly complex and specialized nature of epilepsy surgery that there are only a handful of neurosurgeons in China who can standardize and correctly perform epilepsy surgery, and as a result, only about 1,000 epilepsy surgeries are performed each year, leaving a huge treatment gap compared to the 4-6 million treatment needs. Because of this, a large number of patients are in a desperate wait. The First Affiliated Hospital of Tsinghua University – Epilepsy Treatment Center decided to establish a national level, standardized epilepsy treatment center in order to enable patients and families with intractable epilepsy in pain to be connected to a veritable first-class specialist. At the initiative of Tsinghua University and with the organization and coordination of Tsinghua University and the Beijing Municipal Government providing financial support, the Tsinghua University First Affiliated Hospital – Epilepsy Treatment Center was formed at the First Affiliated Hospital of Tsinghua University. The purpose of the center is to help patients find the right specialist with fewer detours, while specialists can come out of their ivory towers and provide epilepsy patients with high technical level treatment more conveniently; at the same time, to promote the popularization of epilepsy surgery techniques and the healthy development of standardized epilepsy surgery in China. The Epilepsy Treatment Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Tsinghua University is a center for standardized and specialized treatment of drug-refractory and intractable epilepsy under the leadership and management of Tsinghua University, and is the only center in the world that has mastered the core technology of pre-induced neural stem cell treatment of epilepsy. It is also the only center that provides free cell therapy for epilepsy patients on the national translational medicine platform and with the support of charitable funds, and the only center in the world with the most comprehensive epilepsy treatment means and the best treatment effect.