Arteries help carry blood rich in oxygen and various nutrients to all parts of the body. When the arteries in the lower extremities become blocked, they are unable to receive enough blood or oxygen, which is then called peripheral artery disease (PAD). PAD often causes discomfort or pain when walking and can occur in all parts of the lower extremities. As China enters an aging society, the incidence of PAD is increasing year by year. However, most of the vascular surgeons usually pay more attention to the safety and effectiveness of surgery and interventional treatment, but tend to neglect the prevention, postoperative exercise and trauma repair for PAD, which has certain limitations in the treatment process. I. Risk factor control Age over 50 years and men are prone to PAD, other factors include: obesity, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and triglyceridemia, hyperhomocysteinemia. It takes 20 to 30 years for atherosclerotic plaques to form until clinical events occur, and current research indicates that the instability of atherosclerotic plaques, rupture, platelet aggregation, and thrombus formation and dislodgement are the main causes of clinical symptoms, while hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and smoking can initiate and accelerate the development of atherosclerosis. Smoking increases the risk of PAD by 2 to 10 times, diabetes by 2 to 4 times, hypertension by 2.5 to 4 times, and hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Therefore, early control of risk factors is essential for the prevention and treatment of PAD. 1.Lifestyle changes: For patients with peripheral arterial disease, attention should be paid to avoiding prolonged sharply angled joints (e.g., deep squatting), strengthening exercise to lose weight, maintaining body shape, avoiding exogenous heat sources (e.g., hot water bags, electric blankets, etc.) to warm the affected limbs, protection of ulcer wounds and drug changes. 2.Smoking control: The receiving physician should ask smokers or former smokers about their smoking status and provide smokers with counseling and smoking cessation plans, including behavioral and pharmacological smoking cessation treatment. If there is no contraindication, one or more of varenicline, bupropion and nicotine replacement therapy are recommended for treatment. 3. Control of underlying disease: The basic goal of diabetes is blood glucose <6.1 mmol/l and glycosylated hemoglobin <7.0%. Hypertensive patients without combined diabetes should have their blood pressure controlled below 140/90mmHg, while patients with combined diabetes and chronic renal insufficiency should have their blood pressure controlled below 130/80mmHg. β-blockers and ACEI class drug applications can simultaneously reduce the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Statins can achieve the effect of stabilizing or even shrinking plaque, which has been affirmed and promoted in recent years in basic and clinical studies. In patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis, the basic goal of lipid control is LDL-C ≤ 100 mg/dl (2.6 mmol/L), which should be adjusted to LDL-C ≤ 70 mg/dl (1.8 mmol/L) in patients with coexisting diabetes mellitus or coronary artery disease, through basic medication and intensive lipid regulation. Antiplatelet is the basic treatment for atherosclerotic disease and can prevent acute arterial thrombosis. In clinical practice we recommend daily oral low-dose aspirin (75-325 mg/d) or clopidogrel (75 mg/d) for patients with peripheral arterial disease; it can safely and effectively prevent clinical events. Patients with hyperhomocysteinemia are given oral folic acid and methylcobalamin to lower their blood homocysteine blood levels; patients with respiratory sleep apnea syndrome are treated aggressively to improve the hypoxic state of the body. With the continuous updating of medical equipment and devices, the treatment methods for peripheral artery diseases are gradually diversified, and the "minimally invasive" endoluminal interventional techniques are gradually matured and perfected, and gradually accepted by the majority of vascular surgeons. A large number of RCT studies have shown that long occlusive lesions of the superficial femoral artery can also be treated with interventions to achieve better results, that carotid stenting for carotid stenosis is not inferior to carotid endarterectomy, that interventions for renal artery stenosis do not benefit all patients, that there is no significant difference between luminal and open surgery for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms in the near future, and that patients with aortic coarctation are not necessarily treated in the acute phase of emergency care. Patients with aortic coarctation are not necessarily treated in the acute phase of emergency care, while patients with vascular damage in the presence of vascular continuity can be treated with endoluminal overlapping stent implantation as appropriate, but for younger patients, the author still advocates open surgery to repair the vessel. The author believes that about 80% of patients with peripheral arterial disease can be treated by endoluminal interventional techniques, but not all patients can choose endoluminal treatment, and the cost is high. Third, the establishment of a holistic concept in the treatment of PAD The clinical events of patients with atherosclerosis are often the local manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis, and it is necessary to understand the whole body of the patient in clinical work and have a holistic concept in mind, especially for elderly patients who need to pay attention to the vascular lesions of the heart, brain and kidneys and other important organs. The chance of peripheral vascular combined with coronary artery lesions is 24%-95%, and the chance of combined carotid artery disease is about 30%. Therefore, for such patients, the cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and renal vessels should be evaluated, and a reasonable plan to prevent cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events should be made, which can reduce the risk of some patients during the treatment period and reduce the disability and death rate. IV. Pay attention to psychological intervention treatment Give patients psychological guidance before and after surgery to overcome the fear of surgery, especially for patients with hemiplegia due to stroke or patients with physical disability due to ischemia, psychological guidance should be strengthened to gradually let patients understand the disease, face the disease and face life positively. V. Do a good job of follow-up, strengthen the cooperation of disciplines, and establish a harmonious doctor-patient relationship Peripheral arterial diseases are characterized by the stage of treatment and the irreversibility of the disease process, in-hospital treatment is only one stage in the treatment process of atherosclerotic lesions, pre-hospital prevention and perioperative management, postoperative follow-up and even functional exercise are important measures to ensure good long-term results, especially walking exercise for patients with lower limb atherosclerosis occlusion In particular, walking exercise and bicycle exercise for patients with lower limb atherosclerosis occlusion are essential to maintain the patency of blood vessels. Post-hospital management and post-operative follow-up need to be emphasized by clinicians during in-hospital treatment and adhered to after hospitalization, in order to keep patients' vascular patency for a longer period of time, while establishing a more complete post-hospital management software, timely telephone follow-up, reminding patients, and further analysis of the reasons for missed visits. At the same time, postoperative trauma repair should be emphasized. For patients with revascularization, multidisciplinary cooperation should be strengthened, and active cooperation with orthopedics, plastic surgery, dermatology and trauma repair should be established to repair the trauma as early as possible and reduce patients' pain.