Definition of malignant neoplasm: Cancer, also known as malignantneoplasm, is a disease caused by the malfunction of the mechanism of controlling cell growth and proliferation. Cancer cells are characterized by unrestricted and endless proliferation, which causes massive depletion of nutrients in the patient’s body; cancer cells release a variety of toxins, causing a series of symptoms in the human body; cancer cells can also be transferred to various parts of the body to grow and multiply, resulting in wasting, weakness, anemia, loss of appetite, fever, and serious impairment of organ functions, etc. Medical doctors point out that the cause of cancer is: the body is affected by environmental pollution, chemical pollution (chemical toxins), ionizing radiation, free radical toxins, microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc.) and their metabolic toxins, genetic characteristics, endocrine imbalance, immune dysfunction and other carcinogenic substances and factors that lead to cancerous transformation of normal cells in the body, which often manifests as abnormal cell proliferation in local tissues. It is often manifested as a local lump formed by abnormal cell proliferation in local tissues. Cancer is a major type of disease caused by multiple mutations of normal cells of the body in multiple causes and stages. If cancer can be detected and diagnosed early, most patients can be cured. However, most of the patients seen in clinic are not early stage cancer. Early stage of cancer often has no special symptoms or even no disease. Therefore, patients will not take the initiative to go to the hospital for examination, and once the state is obvious, it is often too late. In fact, some symptoms and signs may be related to early cancer, which can be called “early signs” or “warnings”. In addition to screening by medical personnel, early detection of cancer also depends on patients’ vigilance, self-examination and self-discovery. The World Health Organization (WHO) has put forward the following “eight warning signs” as reference for people to consider the early signs of cancer. 1.Palpable nodules or hard lesions, such as those found in the breast, skin and tongue. 2.Warts (superfluous tumors) or moles with obvious changes. 3.Persistent digestive irregularities 4.Persistent hoarseness, dry cough and difficulty in swallowing 5.Unusual menstrual period, heavy bleeding, extra-menstrual bleeding. 6.Unexplained bleeding from nose, ear, bladder or intestine. 7.Wounds that do not heal, swelling that does not go away. 8.Unexplained weight loss. According to the situation in China, the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences has proposed the following ten symptoms as warning signs to draw attention to cancer swelling: 1.Lumps in any part of the body, such as the breast, neck or abdomen, especially those that gradually increase in size. 2.Ulcers on any part of the body, such as the tongue, cheek mucosa, skin, etc. without trauma, especially those that do not heal over time. 3.Irregular vaginal bleeding or discharge (commonly known as increased leucorrhea) in women of middle age or older. 4.Dullness, burning pain, foreign body sensation or progressive aggravation of dysphagia behind the sternum when eating. 5.A dry cough or blood in the talk that cannot be cured for a long time. 6.Long-term indigestion, progressive loss of appetite, wasting, and no clear cause is identified. 7.Change in stool habit or blood in stool. 8.Nasal congestion, epistaxis, unilateral headache or diplopia. 9.A sudden increase in size of the nevus or breakage, bleeding, or loss of the original hair. 10. Painless hematuria. What are the screening methods of tumor? Tumor screening is an important way to detect cancer and precancerous lesions at an early stage. Various blood tests, ultrasound, X-ray, anorectal examination, Pap smear and mammography in gynecological examination are commonly used to screen tumors. Routine blood tests can screen for common blood diseases, while various tumor marker tests can identify various malignant tumors. However, there are common misunderstandings in this regard. One of them is that tumor markers are universal, as long as you check them, you will know whether your body is suffering from tumor or not. There are hundreds of tumor markers for dozens of organs in human body, and their specificity is not high, even if they are abnormal, they cannot be diagnosed as tumor. The second misconception is that if tumor markers are normal, it is considered that there is no malignant tumor, also because of its lack of specificity, many benign and malignant lesions can lead to its abnormality, so its elevation may not necessarily be a tumor. Therefore, tumor marker test results should be correctly analyzed, and the clinical significance of dynamic test is greater, which should be combined with clinical and other examinations to make a comprehensive judgment. In actual clinical practice, the examination of tumor markers is more significant for tumor efficacy evaluation and recurrence and metastasis examination. (At present, biochemical items such as blood routine and liver and kidney function are opened in annual staff physical examination, and AFP and CEA items are carried out for B class staff) 2.Pap smear in gynecological physical examination. Cervical smear is the easiest and most effective diagnostic method to check cervical cancer widely. It can detect early cervical cancer with a detection rate of about 60% to 70% by using Pap stain. 3.B ultrasound Using color Doppler imaging technology, it can clearly detect whether there are masses and lesions in most organs of the whole body. 4.X-ray chest X-ray After passing through the body, X-rays present images depending on the density of organs and tissues, which can directly show lung tumors, and can also search for chest tumors through indirect changes such as emphysema, obstructive pneumonia and pleural fluid. 5.Gastroscopy and colonoscopy Directly observe the color of stomach and intestinal mucosa, vascular texture and glandular opening pattern with naked eyes to identify whether there are lesions or not, and biopsy can be done to confirm the diagnosis of suspicious lesions. How to choose the correct mode of tumor screening? 1. Long-term history of smoking or exposure to toxic and harmful gases, regular chest x-ray and tumor markers (CEA, SCC, NSE, TPA) combined examination. 2.Middle-aged women should have infrared breast scan and tumor markers (CEA, CAl5-3, TPA) combined examination regularly. If the lump is obvious, breast aspiration will be performed to check for cancer cells. 3. Women over 35 years old and those with HPV infection are at high risk of cervical cancer and should undergo regular vaginal exfoliation cytology or combined thin layer cytology (TCT) and tumor markers (SCC, CAl25, TPA). Pathological biopsy under colposcopy should be performed to confirm the diagnosis. 4.If you are in the area with high incidence of liver cancer or have chronic viral hepatitis (especially hepatitis B and C), you are recommended to have combined ultrasound, five markers of hepatitis B and tumor markers (AFP, AFU). 5.In the high incidence area of nasopharyngeal cancer, you should have regular viral examination and, if necessary, puncture cytology and pathological biopsy to confirm the diagnosis. 6.Gastroscopy and tumor markers (CEA, CA72?4, CA19?9, CA242) should be combined with a history of chronic gastric disease. Gastric mucosal tissue biopsy should be taken under electron microscope to confirm the diagnosis. 7.Pancreatic cancer is easy to be misdiagnosed clinically. Ultrasound and tumor markers (CEA, CAl9?9, CAl25, CA50) should be performed for suspected pancreatic cancer. 8.Tumor marker (CEA, CAl9-9, CA50) combined examination should be performed for those with persistent blood in stool. Rectal tissue biopsy should be performed to confirm the diagnosis. 9.Suspected ovarian cancer: ultrasound and tumor markers (CEA, CAl25, CAl9?9) combined examination; laparoscopic biopsy of ovarian tissues to confirm the diagnosis. 10.Middle-aged and elderly men are prone to prostate cancer, tumor markers (PSAl) combined examination is needed. 11.If you often have dizziness, low fever, pale face, anemia, enlarged liver, spleen and lymph nodes, bleeding or bleeding spots, it is easiest and most practical to do routine blood and blood cell smear examination. If the blood image suggests a hematological malignancy, a diagnosis can be made by simply drawing some bone marrow for cytological examination.