Rheumatic heart valve disease is the most common heart disease in China, accounting for about 40% of cardiovascular disease in adults, with most patients being young adults between 20 and 40 years of age and slightly more women. The most common clinical condition is simple mitral valve lesion, accounting for 70% to 80% of cases, followed by mitral valve combined with aortic valve lesion, accounting for 20% to 30% of cases. Mitral stenosis is often associated with varying degrees of insufficiency, but surgical treatment has shown that the proportion of simple mitral stenosis is twice as high as that of mitral stenosis with insufficiency, making it the most common lesion in chronic rheumatic heart valve damage. Mitral valve insufficiency is due to shortening, adhesions, and deformation of the mitral valve leaflets, tendons, and papillary muscles due to fibrous degeneration, resulting in failure of the valve to close properly. In patients with mild mitral valve insufficiency, there may be no conscious symptoms. In more severe cases, fatigue, weakness, palpitations, and dyspnea after exertion are common, and symptoms of right heart insufficiency may sometimes be present. However, acute pulmonary edema and hemoptysis are far less common than in mitral stenosis. Aortic valve insufficiency is caused by inflammation and granulation of the aortic valve, resulting in thickening, sclerosis, shortening, and malformation of the valve, resulting in aortic valve insufficiency. Patients with mild symptoms often have no obvious symptoms. In severe cases, there may be palpitations and a feeling of strong pulsations in the arteries of the body, especially in the head and neck. Angina pectoris may occur in about 5% of patients. In the late stage, left heart insufficiency and right heart insufficiency may appear. 4, Aortic stenosis is formed by the adhesion and fusion of the aortic valve leaflet junction and gradual calcification of the valve. It is believed that most simple aortic stenosis is due to congenital or senile degenerative disease, whereas most rheumatic aortic stenosis is combined with aortic valve insufficiency or mitral valve lesions. Mild stenosis is mostly asymptomatic; when the lesion worsens, symptoms such as fatigue, dyspnea after activity, dizziness, fainting, and angina, and even sudden (ventricular arrest or ventricular fibrillation) may occur because of reduced cardiac output. The key to preventing rheumatic heart valve disease is to actively prevent rheumatic fever and to prevent rheumatic activity even after valvular lesions have developed. The main principle of treatment in the asymptomatic phase is to maintain and enhance the compensatory function of the heart. On the one hand, overload of the heart, such as heavy physical labor and strenuous exercise, should be avoided, and on the other hand, attention should be paid to the combination of static and dynamic activities and exercises to enhance physical fitness and improve the reserve capacity of the heart. Treatment of complications includes treatment of cardiac insufficiency, rescue of acute pulmonary edema, and control and elimination of atrial fibrillation. For chronic rheumatic heart valve disease without symptoms, surgery is generally not required; for those with symptoms and indications for surgery, mitral valve separation or prosthetic valve replacement is an option. The relationship between keyococcus, rheumatic fever, and rheumatic heart disease Rheumatic fever, also known as acute rheumatic disease or active rheumatic disease, mainly affects children and adolescents. According to statistics, about 85% of patients develop the disease before the age of 30. It is still believed that the cause of rheumatic fever is related to Streptococcus aureus infection, which often causes pharyngitis, tonsillitis or scarlet fever, and acute rheumatic fever is a metabolic disease of the body in response to this bacterial infection. Rheumatic fever is often triggered by factors such as overexertion, cold and humidity; when the body’s resistance decreases, the germs hidden in the throat can take advantage of the situation. The disease usually occurs about 2-3 weeks after the above-mentioned respiratory illnesses, with fever, joint redness, swelling, pain and, in some cases, erythema or nodules on the skin. In nearly 20% of children, the neurological attack may cause uncoordinated twisting and flexing of the limbs and a mischievous expression like a puppet movement, hence the name “chorea”. A few patients may also have abdominal pain, jaundice, or acute nephritis at the same time. Rheumatic fever has a tendency to recur, and in the long run it will cause thickening and scarring of the heart valves, resulting in calcification, which mostly occurs in the mitral and aortic valves. This is known as rheumatic heart valve disease and heart failure, which not only results in the loss of labor force, but also threatens the life of the patient. Heart valve disease is a frequent and common heart disease. In severe cases, the valve cannot be restored or improved simply by valve dilatation and direct vision repair, so the heart part, the valve, needs to be replaced. When blood flows from the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, the left ventricular cavity pressure decreases during diastole and the mitral valve opens, allowing blood to flow into the ventricular cavity. When the heart contracts, the pressure in the left ventricle rises, forcing the soft mitral valve to close and open the aortic valve, allowing blood to enter the aorta and flow throughout the body and circulate. If the valve, which is the valve of blood circulation, is damaged by disease, it can have serious effects on the heart itself and on systemic circulation. Therefore, a diseased heart valve can be removed and an artificial valve can be sewn in to restore the heart to its normal function. Creating an artificial valve is not a simple task, as it opens and closes 50 million times a year as the heart beats. When it closes, it has to withstand the pressure of blood on it and prevent blood flow, so it requires extreme durability. Metal materials such as titanium are also used.