Vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) is the most common type of acquired urinary fistula. A fistula is formed anywhere between the genital tract and the urinary tract. In developing countries, the majority of fistulas are caused by birth injuries, and the main cause of VVF formation is obstructive delivery with prolonged labor due to fetal head-pelvic asymmetry, and fetal compression causing ischemic necrosis of the anterior vaginal wall, bladder, bladder neck, and proximal urethra. In contrast, in developed countries, the main cause of VVF formation is due to damage to the bladder from pelvic surgery such as obstetrics and gynecology and urology. Other causes of VVF include malignancy, pelvic radiotherapy, tuberculosis, and medically corrosive urinary fistulas. Simple urethral fistulas are defined as single fistulas of less than 0.5 cm that are not caused by radiotherapy; complex urethral fistulas are defined as fistulas that have failed to be repaired and are larger than 2.5 cm or are located in the proximal urethra, bladder neck, or bladder triangle, usually caused by chronic disease, malignancy, synthetic sling exposure, or radiotherapy; fistulas Urethral fistulas with a diameter between 0.5 cm and 2.5 cm are usually classified as complex fistulas.