Cervical spondylosis is a common and frequent disease with complex and variable symptoms, manifesting as neck stiffness and pain, restricted movement, neck and shoulder pain, upper limb weakness, finger numbness, and in severe cases, paralysis below the neck. Individual patients may have special symptoms such as increased or decreased blood pressure, angina pectoris, arrhythmia, decreased vision, hearing impairment, breast pain, and difficulty swallowing. Generally, it can be divided into several types such as cervical, nerve root, spinal cord, vertebral artery and sympathetic nerve. Cervical spondylosis treatment can be divided into two categories: non-surgical treatment and surgical treatment. When it comes to surgical treatment, it should not be taken lightly. Because of the complex anatomical structure of the neck, its physiological role is important: it supports the cranial brain; the blood vessels supplying the brain pass through both sides of the cervical spine; it is the starting point of the digestive and respiratory tracts; the spinal cord inside the cervical spine is the gateway between the brain and the nerves of the whole body: all sensations outside the head must pass through the cervical spinal cord before they can be transmitted, and the brain commanding the movement of the body also cannot go beyond the cervical spinal cord. When non-surgical treatment does not work, surgical treatment must be considered. In 1984, many experts in orthopedics in China discussed and adopted a trial draft of “Indications for surgery in cervical spondylosis”, which is still feasible. In spinal cord cervical spondylosis, the cervical spinal cord is compressed by hyperplasia, yellow ligament and protruding intervertebral disc, and the symptoms are mild, non-surgical treatment can be performed, while paying attention to observation. Otherwise, it will be difficult to recover from the degeneration of the compressed nerve after a long time. In vertebral artery type cervical spondylosis with recurrent symptoms of cervical vertigo or sudden collapse, the site and degree of vertebral artery compression are clearly identified by angiography, and surgery can be considered when non-surgical treatment is ineffective for a long time. In rare cases of neurogenic cervical spondylosis where non-surgical treatment has been ineffective for a long time and the location of the compressed nerve is accurate, surgery can be considered as appropriate. Sympathetic nerve type surgery is less effective, and surgical treatment should be cautious. In rare cases, the osteophytes of the upper and lower vertebrae of the sixth cervical vertebra are growing too fast and the osteophytes are too large, which can compress the adjoining esophagus in front (where it is originally narrow), causing surrounding inflammation and edema, aggravating the stenosis and causing symptoms of dysphagia. It can also be accompanied by nausea and vomiting, hoarseness, and difficulty in breathing when the head is tilted back. If the symptoms are not relieved by food adjustment, diuretic medication, cervical traction or plaster neck circumference fixation, and application of antibiotics to prevent infection, surgical treatment should be performed to remove the bone flab that is compressing the esophagus, which is quite effective. This surgery is generally less likely to damage the spinal cord, nerves and blood vessels, and is safer than the above-mentioned surgery. There are many ways to operate for cervical spondylosis, some of them are made from the front of the neck (anterior approach), and the esophagus and trachea are pulled to one side, that is, the cervical vertebral body is seen, and part of the vertebrae and intervertebral discs are removed. Some incisions are made from the back of the neck (posterior approach), where the skin and subcutaneous tissues are cut open to reach the vertebral plate, and the plate is cut open or partially removed to achieve decompression. The choice of surgical approach is based on the patient’s specific situation and facilitates the release of compression on the spinal cord, nerve roots, vertebral artery or esophagus. Percutaneous puncture cervical discectomy and aspiration is performed under x-ray supervision with special instruments to remove the cervical disc without incision, reducing the damage to the body. Also under X-ray supervision, special drug collagenase is injected into the diseased cervical disc, which can dissolve the herniated disc and release the compression to achieve the treatment purpose. These two methods are being further explored and gradually carried out in China.