There is a range of indications for surgery in epilepsy, and not all patients with epilepsy require surgical intervention. The main assessment processes include: 1. Determination of intractable (drug-refractory) epilepsy Patients with epilepsy who are treated with regular application of two first-line antiepileptic drugs for 2 years and still have more than one seizure per month (especially generalized tonic-clonic seizures), along with certain psychiatric, cognitive, and behavioral The patient may be identified as having intractable (drug-refractory) epilepsy if he or she has abnormalities in daily life and workers. In children with refractory epilepsy, early surgery is possible because the brain is developing and the earlier the surgery, the lower the impact of abnormal discharges on brain development and the more trauma caused by surgery, the greater the chance of compensatory neural tissue formation and maximum functional recovery. 2, select epilepsy and epilepsy syndrome suitable for surgical treatment ① medial temporal lobe epilepsy Medial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis is an epilepsy epilepsy syndrome, whose clinical manifestation is refractory complex partial seizures, and its surgical efficacy is quite clear. As long as the EEG suggests that the seizure originates from one temporal lobe, while MRI suggests damage to the hippocampus on that side or SPECT suggests altered blood flow on that side, surgical treatment can be performed. ②limited epilepsy with lesions Tumors, trauma, vascular malformation, and cerebral cysticercus in the brain can have caused epilepsy, and their surgical efficacy depends mainly on the pathological results of the epileptogenic focus and the location of the lesion. ③Primary limited epilepsy Certain epilepsies do not have a clear primary lesion that causes the onset of the disease, called primary epilepsy. They can be treated surgically as long as they have failed to take medication, have clinical symptoms, and have at least two findings on MRI and EEG that indicate that they are limited epilepsy and the lesion is located in the cerebral cortex. Some epilepsies with foci confined to one hemisphere are symptomatic and usually intractable, and their seizure manifestations can be either unilateral or bilateral. If its epileptogenic focus is not located in the dominant hemisphere, even if one hemisphere is resected, the corresponding neurological loss of function is not invoked and the seizures disappear. Its main causes include Rasmussen’s encephalitis, cerebral facial angiomatosis, hemiplegic infantile epilepsy, hemiplegic cortical dysplasia, and hemiplegic giant gyrus. In conclusion, early surgical treatment of intractable (drug-refractory) epilepsy can lead to seizure cessation while avoiding irreversible neuropsychiatric dysfunction. Moreover, due to the development of imaging and electrophysiological techniques in recent years, the effectiveness and safety of surgical treatment have been greatly improved due to the development of technology, and the postoperative outcome can be very good as long as the surgical indications are properly selected. Therefore, surgery is no longer the last option for patients with epilepsy.