Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty is the use of catheter techniques to dilate or recanalize atherosclerotic or other causes of vascular stenosis or occlusive lesions. In 1964, the American scholar Dotter developed angioplasty using a coaxial catheter system, which became the basis for the practice and theory of a new subspecialty of interventional radiology, angioplasty, but the technique was more invasive and less effective. In 1977, this double-lumen balloon catheter system was used to successfully dilate stenosed coronary arteries, which brought PTA to the historical stage of clinical treatment and soon became the treatment of choice for occlusive lesions of vascular stenosis. Balloon angioplasty is mainly performed by dilating the lumen of a diseased segment of the vessel through a restricted tear of the intima within the vessel wall caused by an inflated balloon, hyperextension of the intima tissue and tearing of the atherosclerotic plaque. It is a mechanical treatment that damages the components of the vessel wall and is only partially controllable, making it impossible to predict the extent and nature of the damage and therefore to estimate the effect of the healing response on the degree of vessel opening after vascular injury. Balloon angioplasty requires special balloon catheters and auxiliary devices such as guide wires, pre-dilatation catheters, and balloon inflation pressure gauges during operation. A diagnostic angiogram is usually performed before treatment to understand the location, extent and degree of the lesion, and then to determine whether the lesion can be angioplasty according to the angiographic findings, clinical symptoms, signs and laboratory tests, imaging and other data. When performing angioplasty, the balloon catheter is first placed in the stenotic segment according to the angiogram, and the balloon is inflated with dilute contrast agent. The dilatation of peripheral stenosis is generally controlled within 6-8 atmospheres, and each time it is inflated for about 30 seconds, and after deflation it is dilated again at intervals of 3-4 minutes. If the residual stenosis is <30%, a better clinical result can be achieved, and it is not necessary to require the normal vascular caliber. Postoperative anticoagulation therapy should be given promptly and reviewed regularly. Balloon angioplasty has been used for both the arterial and venous systems. The arterial system includes peripheral arteries, visceral and coronary arteries, cerebral arteries, etc. The venous system includes vena cava, portal veins and peripheral veins, dialysis access, etc. The best indications are limited, short stenosis or occlusion of large and medium-sized vessels, while lesions such as ulcers, severe calcifications or long stenosis or occlusion are relatively contraindicated. The invention of PTA ushered in a new era in the treatment of vascular stenosis-occlusive lesions. However, with the increase of cases, the accumulation of experience and the maturation of PTA technology, its significant drawback in terms of efficacy was revealed, namely the high restenosis rate after angioplasty. According to statistics, the incidence of restenosis after PTA in medium-sized vessels is about 30%, with individual sites reaching more than 60%. However, with the application of new endovascular stents and the emergence of new technologies such as ultrasound and laser angioplasty, the restenosis rate has been reduced to varying degrees and the scope of application of PTA has been expanded.