1.What is hematological disease? Under what circumstances should hematologic diseases be considered?
Hematologic diseases, also known as hematopoietic disorders, include diseases that originate in the hematopoietic system (e.g. leukemia originates in the bone marrow tissue, etc.) and diseases that primarily involve the hematopoietic system (e.g. iron deficiency anemia, etc.). Hematologic disorders can be primary, most of which are congenital defects in hematopoiesis or malignant changes in bone marrow composition. They can also be secondary. Diseases of other systems such as nutritional deficiencies, metabolic abnormalities and physicochemical factors can also cause adverse reactions to the bone marrow system, and those with more pronounced changes in blood or bone marrow composition also fall under the category of hematologic disorders. Most hematologic disorders are refractory, with insidious onset and insidious symptoms, and even if the patient is ill, he or she is often unable to detect the disease on his or her own. Therefore, it is especially important to raise awareness of this disease so that early detection and early treatment can be achieved to avoid unnecessary health losses.
The following ten conditions require a high degree of vigilance for hematologic disorders.
1, the body is getting weaker, long sigh “now is not as good as before”, mental lethargy, limb soreness, less energy, laziness;
2, weakness, often cold, or cold for a long time; often have low fever, or even high fever;
3.Dizziness, headache, dizziness, blurred vision, tinnitus, palpitation, shortness of breath, or even fainting;
4, pale face, yellowish, floating, lips and tongue light bloodless, conjunctiva pale; or see the eye sockets dull black (commonly known as black circles), or face ruddy purple dull and lusterless;
5, hair withered, hair loss; nails flattened and sunken, easy to fold and crack; dry and wrinkled skin, poor elasticity; oral cavity erosion, swollen gums, tongue light peeling no moss;
6, the skin is common bleeding spots or bruises, minor stabbing, scratching that bleeding, collision and extrusion, the subcutaneous see large bruises;
7, frequent nose bleeding, gum bleeding, mouth and tongue purple dull blood bubbles; women’s menstrual flow like crumbling like a note, or regardless of the cycle of dripping constantly;
8.Pressure pain in the sternum and tibia, pain in the joints of the extremities or bone pain;
9, abdominal distension, enlargement of liver, spleen and lymph nodes;
10.Abnormal blood and bone marrow examination.
2.What are the common blood diseases?
(1) Red blood cell diseases: iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, thalassemia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, drug-related hemolytic anemia, paroxysmal sleep hemoglobinuria, acute hemorrhagic anemia, chronic disease anemia, hemochromatosis, etc;
(2) Leukocyte diseases: leukopenia, granulocyte deficiency, eosinophilia, acute leukemia, chronic leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, malignant lymphoma (Hodgkin’s lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma), infectious mononucleosis, malignant histiocytosis, multiple myeloma, etc;
(3) Bleeding disorders: simple purpura, allergic purpura, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, thrombocytopenia, hemophilia, acquired coagulation disorders, etc;
(4) Myeloproliferative diseases: true erythropoietic disorder, primary thrombocytosis, primary myelofibrosis, etc.
3.How is blood produced? What is the function of various blood cells?
Blood is a viscous fluid flowing in the blood vessels and is divided into liquid components and organic components. The liquid component refers to plasma (50-60%) and the formed component refers to blood cells (40-50%). Primitive blood cells are produced from the fetal stage onwards, and after birth the bone marrow becomes the only blood-forming organ. Blood cells mainly refer to red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and various immune cells. Red blood cells mainly transport oxygen and carbon dioxide and buffer the acid-base balance of the body. Leukocytes, on the other hand, are the first-line defenders of the inflammatory response, gathering and traveling to sites of inflammation for phagocytosis. In contrast, the body’s monocyte-macrophage system is relied upon for larger bacteria, parasites, etc. Platelets are involved in the processes of blood clotting, anticoagulation and fibrinolysis in the body. Each cell in the blood does its own job and together they keep the blood system in a normal dynamic and stable state.