In neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, children begin to have progressive dyspnea and shortness of breath shortly after birth, i.e. 4-12 hours after birth, with more than 60 breaths per minute, accompanied by moaning, cyanosis of the face and lips, inspiratory trismus, and in severe cases, irregular breathing, apnea, and respiratory failure. The disease is most severe during the first 24-48 hours of life, and the morbidity and mortality rate is relatively high. After replacement therapy with pulmonary surface active substances, noninvasive respiratory support therapy and mechanical ventilation and good nutritional support, a significant proportion of children can survive. Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome is self-limiting, and patients who are able to survive for more than 3 days with increased lung maturity can recover gradually. However, more infants can develop pulmonary infections during the course of the disease or develop an unclosed ductus arteriosus with persistent pulmonary hypertension, a condition that can re-aggravate the condition and therefore requires attention to the treatment of complications.