Urinary incontinence, in short, refers to the involuntary escape of urine. Clinical incontinence is often divided into the following six categories: 1, stress incontinence; 2, urge incontinence; 3, filling incontinence, refers to excessive bladder fullness and can not urinate on its own, resulting in urine overflow from the urethra are mostly seen in elderly men with prostate enlargement; 4, temporary incontinence, refers to the patient’s restricted activity or cognitive impairment, or urinary tract infection, constipation and heart failure caused by water overload and other temporary 5. true incontinence, which refers to complete damage to the sphincter or the presence of other cavities than the urethra, resulting in a continuous flow of urine out of the body; 6. mixed incontinence, which is a combination of the above different types. However, the most common clinical incontinence is stress incontinence and urge incontinence, or a mixture of these two types. Urinary incontinence is a common disease in aging countries, and the prevalence of urinary incontinence in men aged 15-64 years in the United States is 1.5%-5%; while in women it is 10%-30%. The Institute of Urology of Peking University found that the prevalence of incontinence among adults aged 18 years or older in Beijing was 12.1% in men and 46.5% in women, with urge incontinence predominating in men and stress incontinence in women. This article focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of these two types of urinary incontinence. I. Stress incontinence Stress incontinence refers to the involuntary flow of urine from the urethra when coughing, sneezing, laughing or exercising and other increases in abdominal pressure, which almost always occurs in women. Although there are many causes of stress urinary incontinence, it boils down to 2 main points: 1, because of factors such as childbirth, obesity, constipation and other factors that make the pelvic floor support structures are destroyed and relaxed, the urethra appears to move down, such cases when the abdominal pressure rises such as coughing, the elevated pressure only acts on the bladder and can not act on the urethra through normal conduction, resulting in the total pressure in the bladder may exceed the urethral closure pressure, resulting in urine outflow. 2, due to low estrogen levels or other reasons such as surgery, radiotherapy, etc., resulting in atrophy of the urethral mucosa, the urethra’s own “water seal” ability to decline, prone to urinary incontinence. At present, the treatment of stress urinary incontinence is divided into four types of sequential methods according to the course and severity of the disease: 1, knowledge of stress urinary incontinence, pregnant women should pay attention to postpartum recovery, constipation, chronic cough and other factors that increase long-term abdominal pressure should be avoided, so as to interrupt the emergence of stress urinary incontinence, or control to a very light degree; 2, pelvic floor exercises, including biofeedback pelvic floor exercises with the assistance of equipment, that is pelvic floor exercises, including biofeedback pelvic floor exercises with the assistance of instruments, that is, exercises based on contraction of the anus, pelvic floor exercises for patients with mild stress incontinence, or other adjuncts to treatment; 3, drug therapy. Including two types, alpha agonists act on the bladder neck and urethral initiation to increase its tension and enhance urethral closure pressure; estrogenic drugs, which can be used orally or locally to improve the atrophy of the urethral mucosa and increase the “water seal” effect. 4. Surgical treatment, including two types: a. Intracavitary minimally invasive surgery with paraurethral injection to artificially increase the “water seal” mechanism; b. Minimally invasive surgery with bladder neck and urethral suspension to correct the flaccid pelvic floor structure. Surgical treatment is generally indicated for patients with moderate to severe cases or those who have failed other treatments. To understand urge incontinence, we must first understand the concept of overactive bladder disorder. The International Society of Urological Control ICS defines OAB, overactive bladder, as: involuntary contraction of the detrusor muscle during bladder filling, whether voluntary or induced, and cannot be completely suppressed by the patient. The clinical manifestations are urinary urgency, frequency and incontinence. Urge incontinence is therefore only a severe manifestation of OAB. The common causes of urge incontinence are: aging of the detrusor muscle, cardiovascular disease, and early diabetes mellitus. Strictly speaking, OAB alone has no impact on the patient’s life, but it has a great impact on the patient’s quality of life. Patients need to find the toilet and go to the toilet frequently, reduce the amount of water they drink, wear dark-colored clothes to cover urine stains, wear sanitary napkins or disposable diapers all day long, and almost lose the ability to perform social activities in severe cases. It has been studied that OAB affects the quality of life of patients to a degree similar to that of diabetes mellitus II. Despite this, the patient’s access to medical care is extremely low, mainly due to the difficulty of talking about it. The diagnosis and treatment of urge incontinence should follow the following order: 1. Excluding local factors of the bladder and urethra, including prostatic hyperplasia, urinary tract infections, stones, tumors, foreign bodies, etc.; 2. Based on the patient’s symptoms, a voiding diary should be filled out to quantify the patient’s symptoms; 3. Urinary flow rate and residual urine volume should be measured, and urodynamic examination should be performed if necessary to determine the presence of obstruction; 4. Treatment should be based on a gradual a. Urge incontinence is sometimes caused by central or peripheral nervous system disease, so formal urological treatment is often performed after the primary disease is stabilized; b. Behavioral treatment, allowing patients to use “clock timing” urination methods, gradually extending the interval between urination for 5-10 minutes per week, and weekly follow-up with a urinary diary. b. Behavioral therapy, in which patients are given a “clock timing” approach to urination, with progressively longer intervals of 5-10 minutes per week and weekly follow-up urinary diaries. Behavioral therapy is also called “bladder training”. c. Medication. There are currently two types of medications that are targeted: oxytetracycline and tolterodine. It is important to clarify that all medications for urge incontinence affect the contractility of the detrusor muscles to varying degrees and have anticholinergic side effects such as dry mouth, so obstruction must be excluded before medication is administered and started at small doses and gradually increased until efficacy or significant side effects occur. d. Intermittent home catheterization should be considered in cases of urge incontinence combined with impaired detrusor muscles, as drug therapy is contraindicated at this time. e. Special treatment such as neuroelectrical stimulation and botulinum toxin injection can be considered when behavioral treatment and different types of medication are ineffective.